1. By: Kaitlyn Cramer

2. Immediately after the Civil War, segregation began to rise in the South. http://comminfo.rutgers.edu/~srussell/2004/dave/civilwar.html

3. The 1800s were characterized by lynchings as well as chain gangs http://www.markerhistory.com/tag/campbell-county/

4. In 1890, Louisiana passes the Jim Crow law that mandated separate but equal accommodations for blacks and whites. http://www.crf-usa.org/black-history-month/a-brief-history-of-jim-crow

5. Brown v. Board of Education was actually not the beginning. It all started with the famous case called Plessy v. Ferguson http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_events_plessy.html

6. Plessy attempted to sit in an all-white railroad car. After refusing to sit in the black railway carriage car. Plessy was found guilty on the grounds that the law was a reasonable exercise of the states police powers. http://www.lawnix.com/cases/plessy-ferguson.html

7. The courts believe that as long as the facilities were equal, people could have separate facilities based on color. Picture from: Google http://www.lawnix.com/cases/plessy-ferguson.html

8. Brown v. Board of Education, Topeka, Kansas This case was initiated by members of the local NAACP chapter in Topeka, Kansas. Thirteen parents volunteered to participate. In the summer of 1950, they took their children to schools in their neighborhoods and attempted to enroll them for the upcoming school year. All were refused admission. These parents filed suit against the Topeka Board of Education on behalf of their twenty children.

9. Brown v. Board of Education Argued on December 8, 1952 Reargued on December 7, 1953 Decided on May 17, 1954 Key People Thurgood Marshal Rev. Oliver Brown Linda Brown Chief Justice Earl Warren http://www.nps.gov/brvb/historyculture/upload/marshall.pdf

10. Several cases were combined into one: Delaware- Belton v. Gebhart Kansas- Brown v. Board of Education South Carolina- Briggs v. Elliot Virginia- Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Washington, DC- Bolling v. Melvin Sharpe http://www.nps.gov/brvb/historyculture/upload/marshall.pdf

11. The Segregationists Argument The Constitution did not require white and African American children to attend the same schools. Whites were making a good faith effort to equalize the two educational systems. But because black children were still living with the effects of slavery; it would take some time before they were able to compete with children in the same classroom. http://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/5-decision/challengers.html

12. Challengers of Segregation Arguments The Plessy v. Ferguson decision, they argued, had misinterpreted the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment The authors of this amendment had not intended to allow segregated schools. Nor did existing law consider the harmful social and psychological effects of segregation. http://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/5-decision/challengers.html

13. Segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored children. The impact is greater when it has the sanction of the law, for the policy of separating the races is usually interpreted as denoting the inferiority of the Negro group...Any language in contrary to this finding is rejected. We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of separate but equal has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court http://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/5-decision/courts-decision.html

14. http://www.pbs.org.html http://comminfo.rutgers.edu.html http://www.markerhistory.com http://americanhistory.si.edu.html http://www.lawnix.com.html