1. Pipeline Emergencies 101 Awareness Level Training
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2. Objectives
Basic overview of Pipeline Operations and Pipeline Incidents including basic operations, incident recognition and identification, and tactics.
Keeping responders safe

3. The Pipeline Transportation Chain ….
Pipelines and piping systems are the safest and second largest method of hazardous materials transportation within the United States and Canada
All piping systems are based upon the following principles:
A material is inserted or injected into a pipe
The product is moved from this origination point to a pre-specified destination
The product is ultimately removed from the pipeline at its destination point
Pipelines and piping systems are the safest and second largest method of hazardous materials transportation within the United States
All piping systems are based upon the following principles:
A material is inserted or injected into a pipe
The product is moved from this origination point to a pre-specified destination
The product is ultimately removed from the pipeline at its destination point

4. Pipeline Transportation Chain
Click on movie icon to play video

5. Crude Oil Pipelines…
Crude oil is petroleum taken directly out of the ground from both on-shore and off-shore production facilities
The exact composition of this produced fluid varies depending upon where in the world the crude oil was produced
Crude oil may also have a high concentration of hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
Commonly referred to as a “sour crude,” exposures to low concentrations of this toxic gas can result in death
Crude oil is petroleum taken directly out of the ground from both on-shore and off-shore production facilities
The exact composition of this produced fluid varies depending upon where in the world the crude oil was produced
Crude oil may also have a high concentration of hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
Commonly referred to as a “sour crude,” exposures to low concentrations of this toxic gas can result in death

6. Crude Oil Pipelines…
Gathering lines are small pipelines, usually 2 to 8-inches diameter
They move the crude oil mixture from individual wellheads and production locations to an oil processing facility
Depending upon the location of the production site and the type of crude oil being produced, the crude oil is then shipped through larger trunk lines or by cargo tank trucks to a refinery or shipping terminal
Onshore
Offshore platforms
North slope of Alaska
Gathering lines are small pipelines, usually 2 to 8-inches diameter
They move the crude oil mixture from individual wellheads and production locations to an oil processing facility
Depending upon the location of the production site and the type of crude oil being produced, the crude oil is then shipped through larger trunk lines or by cargo tank trucks to a refinery or shipping terminal
Onshore
Offshore platforms
North slope of Alaska

7. Liquid Pipelines …
The most common liquids transported by pipelines are refined petroleum products
gasoline
Aviation gas
Jet fuel
Home heating fuels
Diesel fuels
Carbon dioxide
Natural gas liquids (NGL)
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
Anhydrous ammonia
The most common liquids transported by pipelines are refined petroleum products
gasoline
Aviation gas
Jet fuel
Home heating fuels
Diesel fuels
Carbon dioxide
Natural gas liquids (NGL)
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
Anhydrous ammonia

8. Liquid Pipelines …
Transmission pipelines move refined products from refineries to marketing and distribution terminals
The products are then loaded onto rail cars, cargo tanks trucks, and barges for delivery to the consumer
Refined petroleum product transmission pipelines carry several different liquid products simultaneously
Transmission pipelines move refined products from refineries to marketing and distribution terminals
The products are then loaded onto rail cars, cargo tanks trucks, and barges for delivery to the consumer
Refined petroleum product transmission pipelines carry several different liquid products simultaneously

9. Liquid Pipelines - Highly Volatile Liquids
Highly volatile liquids or “HVL” pipelines are hazardous liquids which will form a vapor cloud when released to the atmosphere
HVLs include any liquid with a vapor pressure exceeding 40 psia (276 kpa) at 100ºF (37.8º C)
Examples of common highly volatile liquids (HVLs)
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
Propane
Butane
Ammonia
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen
Highly volatile liquids or “HVL” pipelines are hazardous liquids which will form a vapor cloud when released to the atmosphere
HVLs include any liquid with a vapor pressure exceeding 40 psia (276 kpa) at 100ºF (37.8º C)
Examples of common highly volatile liquids (HVLs)
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
Propane
Butane
Ammonia
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen

10. Gas Pipelines Natural gas may be produced
As a separate material
During exploration and production operations
As a by-product of crude oil production operations
The handling of natural gas and natural gas liquids (NGLs) parallels the process for crude oil pipelines
Transmission pipelines ranging up to 48-inches in diameter move the natural gas from production and processing to the distribution network
Ultimately delivering the product to residential and industrial consumers
Natural gas may be produced
As a separate material
During exploration and production operations
As a by-product of crude oil production operations
The handling of natural gas and natural gas liquids (NGLs) parallels the process for crude oil pipelines
Transmission pipelines ranging up to 48-inches in diameter move the natural gas from production and processing to the distribution network
Ultimately delivering the product to residential and industrial consumers

11. Identification Of Pipelines …
The location of an underground pipeline is usually marked by aboveground signs and markers that indicate the presence of a pipeline
The primary function of these markers is to alert those who might be working along the pipeline corridor or doing construction in close proximity to the pipeline, and to provide initial emergency contact information
Markers are required to be present whenever a pipeline crosses under roads, railroads, or waterways
They may also be found at other intervals and locations along the pipeline right-of-way, such as near buildings and structures
The location of an underground pipeline is usually marked by aboveground signs and markers that indicate the presence of a pipeline
The primary function of these markers is to alert those who might be working along the pipeline corridor or doing construction in close proximity to the pipeline, and to provide initial emergency contact information
Markers are required to be present whenever a pipeline crosses under roads, railroads, or waterways
They may also be found at other intervals and locations along the pipeline right-of-way, such as near buildings and structures

12. Identification Of Pipelines …
Although the color, format and design may vary, all markers are required to provide:
The pipeline contents
The pipeline operator
Emergency telephone number
Although the color, format and design may vary, all markers are required to provide:
The pipeline contents
The pipeline operator
Emergency telephone number 1 2 3

13. Identification Of Pipelines …
While pipeline markers indicate the presence of a pipeline(s), the absence of a pipeline marker is no assurance that a pipeline is not present
ROW
WARNING - While pipeline markers indicate the presence of a pipeline(s), the absence of a pipeline marker is no assurance that a pipeline is not present
Click to advance each illustration of the location of the pipeline in relation to the ROW
Click to see the pipeline location

14. Identification Of Pipelines
Other markers may also be found along the right-of-way, including:
Painted metal or plastic posts may be used to indicate the right-of-way, especially in urban and suburban areas
Pipeline casing vents are sometimes found where a pipeline crosses under a road or rail corridor within a pipeline casing
Aerial markers are larger markers with a specific number that indicate a specific geographic location along the pipeline right-of-way
Other markers may also be found along the right-of-way, including:
Painted metal or plastic posts may be used to indicate the right-of-way, especially in urban and suburban areas
Pipeline casing vents are sometimes found where a pipeline crosses under a road or rail corridor within a pipeline casing
Aerial markers are larger markers with a specific number that indicate a specific geographic location along the pipeline right-of-way

15. Pipeline Rights-of-Ways (ROW)
The ROW is a strip of land usually about 25 to 150 feet wide containing one or more pipelines or other subsurface utilities (e.g., cables communications)
The ROW:
Enables pipeline personnel to gain access for inspection, maintenance, testing or emergencies
Maintains an unobstructed view for frequent aerial surveillance of the pipeline
Identifies an area that restricts certain activities to protect the landowner and the community
May be located adjacent to a power line right-of-way or within A highway right-of-way
Pipeline Right-of-Way
The ROW is a strip of land usually about 25 to 150 feet wide containing one or more pipelines or other subsurface utilities (e.g., cables communications)
The ROW:
Enables pipeline personnel to gain access for inspection, maintenance, testing or emergencies
Maintains an unobstructed view for frequent aerial surveillance of the pipeline
Identifies an area that restricts certain activities to protect the landowner and the community
May be located adjacent to a power line right-of-way or within A highway right-of-way

16. Clues That Indicate A Right-of-Way
The primary method to identify pipelines and their right-of-way is through the use of pipeline markers located at roads, railways and other intervals along the ROW
Pipeline markers only show the approximate location of the buried pipelines, as the depth and exact location of the pipelines can vary within the ROW
The primary method to identify pipelines and their right-of-way is through the use of pipeline markers located at roads, railways and other intervals along the ROW
Pipeline markers only show the approximate location of the buried pipelines, as the depth and exact location of the pipelines can vary within the ROW
Railway
PIPELINES
MARKER

17. Pipeline Rights-of-Ways (ROW)
Rows are either owned by the pipeline operator or acquired through an agreement with the property owner
Pipeline companies are responsible for maintaining their right-of-way to protect the public and environment, the line itself, and other customers from loss of service
Typically, a permit must be obtained from the pipeline operator for any activity or encroachment into the row
Rows are either owned by the pipeline operator or acquired through an agreement with the property owner
Pipeline companies are responsible for maintaining their right-of-way to protect the public and environment, the line itself, and other customers from loss of service
Typically, a permit must be obtained from the pipeline operator for any activity or encroachment into the row

18. The Pipeline …
Pipelines can vary from 2-inch diameter for gathering lines to 48-inches for transmission or trunk lines
Most modern pipelines are constructed of either seamless steel or steel with a welded longitudinal seam in 40 to 60 ft Lengths
The individual pipe joints are welded together into sections
To inhibit corrosion, pipe coatings and wrappings applied at the steel mill or on-site are used
Pipelines can vary from 2-inch diameter for gathering lines to 48-inches for transmission or trunk lines
Most modern pipelines are constructed of either seamless steel or steel with a welded longitudinal seam in 40 to 60 ft Lengths
The individual pipe joints are welded together into sections
To inhibit corrosion, pipe coatings and wrappings applied at the steel mill or on-site are used

19. The Pipeline …
Minimum depths vary - natural gas distribution mains have a 24-inch minimum depth
Federal regulations require that transmission pipelines have a minimum depth of 30 inches in rural areas and deeper in more populated areas
Minimum depths vary - natural gas distribution mains have a 24-inch minimum depth
Federal regulations require that transmission pipelines have a minimum depth of 30 inches in rural areas and deeper in more populated areas

20. The Pipeline …
When crossing a river, most pipelines are drilled under the riverbed without disturbing the bottom surface
If drilling is not possible, the piping may be laid and weighted with concrete or steel anchors to keep it on the bottom
Aboveground pipelines may be found at pump and compressor stations, meter stations, some valve stations, river crossings, bridges, and plant and terminal facilities
When crossing a river, most pipelines are drilled under the riverbed without disturbing the bottom surface
If drilling is not possible, the piping may be laid and weighted with concrete or steel anchors to keep it on the bottom
Aboveground pipelines may be found at pump and compressor stations, meter stations, some valve stations, river crossings, bridges, and plant and terminal facilities

21. The Pipeline
Aboveground pipelines are also constructed in a zigzag pattern instead of a straight line to allow for pipeline movement due to thermal expansion or ground movement
Once in-place, the pipeline must then be tested for leaks before being placed in service
Aboveground pipelines are also constructed in a zigzag pattern instead of a straight line to allow for pipeline movement due to thermal expansion or ground movement
Once in-place, the pipeline must then be tested for leaks before being placed in service

22. Corrosion Control
Corrosion is a natural process that, under the proper conditions, can affect any metal or alloy
Pipeline operators must also have written guidelines and procedures for most corrosion-related activities
Pipeline corrosion is most prevalent when the failure of coatings, inhibitors, or cathodic protection occurs in a corrosive environment
Corrosion is a natural process that, under the proper conditions, can affect any metal or alloy
Pipeline operators must also have written guidelines and procedures for most corrosion-related activities
Pipeline corrosion is most prevalent when the failure of coatings, inhibitors, or cathodic protection occurs in a corrosive environment

23. Types and Causes of Corrosion
External corrosion may be caused by damage to coatings, manufacturing defects within the metal, or through the loss of cathodic protection
Internal corrosion of pipelines is a concern to all pipeline operators
Causes include chloride, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, oxygen, and micro-biological activity
Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) involves microbes that produce corrosive conditions
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is the cracking of A pipeline from the combined influence of tensile stress and a corrosive medium
External corrosion may be caused by damage to coatings, manufacturing defects within the metal, or through the loss of cathodic protection
Internal corrosion of pipelines is a concern to all pipeline operators
Causes include chloride, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, oxygen, and micro-biological activity
Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) involves microbes that produce corrosive conditions
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is the cracking of A pipeline from the combined influence of tensile stress and a corrosive medium

24. Pig Receiver on a Natural Gas Pipeline
Cutaway of pipeline
with pig inside

25. Moving And Controlling The Product
Pumps and compressors
Provide the force and pressure to move liquid and gas products through a pipeline system
The size of the pumps and compressors used in a pipeline system will be dependent upon the type of pipeline, and the product and volumes being transported
Pumps and compressors
Provide the force and pressure to move liquid and gas products through a pipeline system
Pumps are commonly used to provide the pressure and force to move products in a liquid pipeline
Compressors are typically used on gas pipelines to boost and maintain the pipeline pressure, thereby keeping the gas flowing
The size of the pumps and compressors used in a pipeline system will be dependent upon the type of pipeline, and the product and volumes being transported
Pumps are commonly used to provide the pressure and force to move products in a liquid pipeline
Compressors are typically used on gas pipelines to boost and maintain the pipeline pressure, thereby keeping the gas flowing

26. Moving And Controlling The Product …
Valves
A critical and essential element of a pipeline system in controlling the movement and flow of product
Valves can be identified by type or by function, and can be equipped with locking devices to prevent the accidental or malicious operation of the valve
Types of valves commonly found on pipeline systems include :
Gate valves
Plug valves
Ball valves
Butterfly valves
Check valves
Valves
A critical and essential element of a pipeline system in controlling the movement and flow of product
Valves can be identified by type or by function, and can be equipped with locking devices to prevent the accidental or malicious operation of the valve
Types of valves commonly found on pipeline systems include :
Gate valves
Plug valves
Ball valves
Butterfly valves
Check valves

27. Moving And Controlling The Product
Valves
Pipeline flow rates and pressures on transmission lines and large distribution lines are controlled through the use of large control valves
Safety note
Emergency response personnel should never attempt to isolate any pipeline valves on large-diameter transmission or distribution lines unless under the direction of pipeline operations personnel
Failure to do so may actually create additional problems that are worse than the original event
Valves
Pipeline flow rates and pressures on transmission lines and large distribution lines are controlled through the use of large control valves
Safety note
Emergency response personnel should never attempt to isolate any pipeline valves on large-diameter transmission or distribution lines unless under the direction of pipeline operations personnel
Failure to do so may actually create additional problems that are worse than the original event

28. Moving and Controlling The Product
Pressure relief valves (PRV)
Provide over-pressure protection for pipeline systems and storage tanks
Spring-actuated valves that automatically open and relieve pressure when actuated at A pre-set pressure
On liquid pipeline systems, the PRV discharge is often directed into A breakout tank where the liquid outflow is collected
When actuated, PRVs can generate a tremendous amount of noise, as well as strong odors if the natural gas is odorized
A PRV venting to the atmosphere is performing properly, it should never be isolated or restricted by emergency response personnel
Pressure relief valves (PRV)
Provide over-pressure protection for pipeline systems and storage tanks
Spring-actuated valves that automatically open and relieve pressure when actuated at A pre-set pressure
On liquid pipeline systems, the PRV discharge is often directed into A breakout tank where the liquid outflow is collected
When actuated, PRVs can generate a tremendous amount of noise, as well as strong odors if the natural gas is odorized
A PRV venting to the atmosphere is performing properly, it should never be isolated or restricted by emergency response personnel

29. Pressure Relief Valves
Remember - A PRV venting to the atmosphere is performing properly, and its discharge should never be isolated or restricted by emergency response personnel
Pressure Relief Valves
Control Valve
Remember - A PRV venting to the atmosphere is performing properly, and its discharge should never be isolated or restricted by emergency response personnel

30. Moving and Controlling The Product …
Manifolds
Both liquid and gas pipelines use valve manifolds to control the flow path of products
Manifolds, with numerous valves and meters, are used to divide the pipeline flow into parts, to combine several flows into one larger pipeline flow, or to reroute product flow to several possible locations
Manifolds
Both liquid and gas pipelines use valve manifolds to control the flow path of products
Manifolds, with numerous valves and meters, are used to divide the pipeline flow into parts, to combine several flows into one larger pipeline flow, or to reroute product flow to several possible locations

31. Moving and Controlling The Product
Manifolds
Manifolds may perform a number of operations, including:
Pumping product through the main pipeline at a pumping station
Receiving product from the field into any tank
Delivering product from the main pipeline into any storage tank
Transferring product from one tank to another
Meters are used to measure and record the quantity or volume of product passing through a specific location
Manifolds
Manifolds may perform a number of operations, including:
Pumping product through the main pipeline at a pumping station
Receiving product from the field into any tank
Delivering product from the main pipeline into any storage tank
Transferring product from one tank to another
Meters are used to measure and record the quantity or volume of product passing through a specific location

32. Pipeline Control Centers …
The pipeline control center is the heart of pipeline operations
Information about the pipeline’s operating equipment and parameters is communicated into the control center, where operators use computers to monitor the pipeline operation
Pipeline monitoring is accomplished through a computerized system known as a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system
The pipeline control center is the heart of pipeline operations
Information about the pipeline’s operating equipment and parameters is communicated into the control center, where operators use computers to monitor the pipeline operation
Pipeline monitoring is accomplished through a computerized system known as a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system

33. Pipeline Control Centers …
Many pipeline operators have their 24-hour emergency phone number connected directly to the pipeline control center
The SCADA system continuously monitors the volume in the pipeline and provides line balance reports
Most SCADA systems offer multiple computer screens so that an operator can instantly check operations and facts at any location
Many pipeline operators have their 24-hour emergency phone number connected directly to the pipeline control center
The SCADA system continuously monitors the volume in the pipeline and provides line balance reports
Most SCADA systems offer multiple computer screens so that an operator can instantly check operations and facts at any location

34. Tactical Response
Pipeline emergencies are handled safely and effectively when responders are dependent on a predetermined and approved system for managing the event
The Eight Step Process© is copyrighted by Jones & Bartlett Learning. It was originally developed by Gregory Noll, Michael Hildebrand, and James Yvorra
Material in this section has been reproduced with permission from Jones & Bartlett Learning
For more information on the eight step process© see Hazardous Materials: Managing The Incident, (4th edition), Jones & Bartlett learning, Sudbury, MA
The Eight Step Process© can serve as a general framework for systematically resolving a pipeline emergency

35. The Eight Step Process©
There are eight basic functions that must be evaluated at pipeline emergencies & hazardous materials
Site management and control
Identify the problem
Hazard and risk evaluation
Select personal protective clothing and equipment
Information management and resource coordination
Implement response objectives
Decontamination and clean-up operations
Terminate the incident
The Eight Step Process© is used in this section with permission from Jones and Bartlett Learning

36. Step 1: Site Mgt. and Control Street Smart Tips
Site management establishes the playing field for the overall response
The initial 10 minutes of the incident will determine operations for the next 60 minutes, and the first 60 minutes will determine operations for the first 8 hours
Don’t try to control more real estate than you can effectively isolate and control
Smaller and tighter may be better than bigger and looser
Remember the basics
The more time, distance and shielding between you and the material, the lower the risk will be

37. Step 1: Site Mgt. and Control Street Smart Tips
Designate an emergency evacuation signal and identify rally points if emergency evacuation is necessary
Remember the first law of hot zone operations when dealing with hazardous materials: to play in the game you must:
Be trained to play
Be dressed to play
Have A buddy system with back-up personnel
Have Decon established
Coordinate with command and safety

38. Step 2: Identify the problem Street Smart Tips
A problem well-defined is half-solved
Assume that initial information is not correct
Always verify your initial information
Verify – verify – verify
Conduct reconnaissance operations, as necessary
Defensive recon
Offensive recon
Never permit response personnel to perform activities in areas where un-ignited gases or vapors may have accumulated
Always verify flammable gas concentrations through continuous air monitoring
Always be alert for the presence of improvised explosive devices (IED) and secondary events

39. Step 3: Hazard/Risk Evaluation Street Smart Tips
Look at where the problem is now – and where it is going! Consider the travel of both liquid and vapors
Focus on those things that you can change and that will make a positive difference to the outcome
Every incident will arrive at some outcome…with or without your help
If you can’t change the outcome, why get involved?
There’s nothing wrong with taking a calculated risk
If there is much to be gained, there is much to be risked
If there is little to be gained, then little should be risked
Pubic safety personnel should view their roles as that of risk evaluators, rather than risk takers
Bad risk takers get buried
Effective risk evaluators come home

40. Step 3: Hazard/Risk Evaluation Street Smart Tips
Hour one priorities within the IAP are:
Establish site management and control
Notify the pipeline operator
Determine the materials involved
Ensure the safety of all personnel from ALL hazards
Ensure that PPE is appropriate for the hazards
Initiate tactical objectives to accomplish initial rescue, Decon, medical, and public protective action needs
If criminal activities are involved (e.g., Terrorism incidents), maintain the integrity of potential evidence

41. Step 4: PPE Clothing and Equip Street Smart Tips
Remember that structural firefighting protective clothing is not designed to provide protection against chemical hazards
There is no one single barrier that will effectively combine both chemical and thermal protection
Wearing ANY type and level of impermeable protective clothing creates the potential for heat stress injuries
Personal protective clothing is your LAST line of defense!!!!

42. Step 5: Info Mgt. and Control Street Smart Tips
Consider the security of the ICP and all other incident response areas (e.g., Staging, rehab) of the incident
Don’t look stupid because you didn’t have a plan
Bad news doesn’t get better with time
If there’s a problem, the earlier you know about it the sooner you can start to fix it!
Don’t allow external resources to “free-lance” or do the “end run”
Don’t let your lack of a planning section become the Achilles heel of your response
Establish it early, particularly if the incident has the potential to become a “campaign event”
Work together to solve the problem!

43. Step 6: Implement Response Objectives Street Smart Tips
Always ask yourself , What will happen if I do nothing?
Remember – this is the baseline for hazmat decision-making and should be the element against which all strategies and tactics are compared
Remember the basic principles of spill control:
Divert the spill to an open area, if possible
If flammable liquids are involved, use Class B firefighting foams for vapor suppression
Conduct air monitoring – the fire threat takes priority over the environmental threat!
Cover storm drains and sewers ahead of the release

44. Step 6: Implement Response Objectives Street Smart Tips
Prevent the entry of liquid products into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas
Booms, pads and other absorbent materials will not be effective in confining large liquid spills, or spills that have had Class B aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) applied
Underflow dams may be used to control hydrocarbon
Liquids released into creeks and streams

45. Step 6: Implement Response Objectives Street Smart Tips
Remember the basic principles of fire control:
Flammable liquids and gases will give off A tremendous amount of radiant heat
Protect exposures, as appropriate
Never extinguish a flammable gas fire
Always control or isolate the source of the leak
If you can’t isolate the source, then attempt to reduce the operating pressure of the pipeline
Permit the fire to self-extinguish and consume any residual fuel that may remain inside or around the pipeline

46. Step 6: Implement Response Objectives Street Smart Tips
Remember the basic principles of leak control:
Emergency responders should NEVER attempt to isolate any pipeline valves on large-diameter transmission or distribution lines unless under the direction of pipeline operations personnel
Failure to do so may actually create additional problems that are worse than the original event
Don’t touch natural gas plastic piping, as it may generate a static spark that could act as an ignition source
Shutting off the main natural gas supply to large commercial or industrial facilities may actually create secondary or tertiary problems worse than the original incident

47. Step 6: Implement Response Objectives Street Smart Tips
Remember the basic principles of leak control:
Once a flammable gas supply is shutoff, NEVER turn the service valve ON again
Service restoration should only be conducted by gas utility representatives
Don’t fill up an open hole or trench with water
It won’t stop the flow of natural gas, may delay efforts to control the problem, and won’t make the pipeline workers who have to fix the problem happy
Surprises often occur on the emergency scene
Always have A plan B in case plan A doesn’t work!

48. Step 7 Decon and Clean UP Street Smart Tips
Establishing an emergency Decon capability should be part of the incident action plan for any incident where hazardous materials are involved
Remember that flammables may be absorbed into structural firefighting clothing and be carried into “safe” areas
Decon involving large numbers of people will be a challenge
Remember the basics – separate people from the problem and keep them corralled until emergency Decon is established
Never transport contaminated victims from the scene to any medical facility without conducting field Decon

49. Step 8: Terminate the Incident Street Smart Tips
Although every organization has a tendency to develop its own critique style, never use a critique to assign blame
Organizations must balance the potential negatives against the benefits that are gained through the critique process
Remember – the reason for doing the critique in the first place is to improve your operations!
Most critiques fall into one of three categories:
We tell each other that we did a great job – whether we actually did or not
We beat up on each other for making bad decisions
We focus on the lessons that were learned and the changes/improvements that must be made to our response system

50. Closing Be safe For more information www.pipelineemergenices.com
Philip Oakes