1. Hoda Rafiee Seyed Shahab Miri
Functionalism
Hoda Rafiee
Seyed Shahab Miri
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February 14th, 2012
(Bahman 25th, 1390)

2. Sociology Sociology is the scientific study of society
Sociology is a social science which uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about human social activities.
Give a brief overview of the presentation. Describe the major focus of the presentation and why it is important.
Introduce each of the major topics.
To provide a road map for the audience, you can repeat this Overview slide throughout the presentation, highlighting the particular topic you will discuss next.

3. Theory
a formal set of ideas that is intended to explain why sth happens or exists (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 8th edition)
is a hypothesis which is supported by observational evidences.

4. Sociological Theory High-Level Theories Functionalism…
Comes in a variety of shapes and sizes…
Sociological Theory
High-Level Theories
Focus on trying to explain how and why society is ordered
Functionalism…
Mid-Range Theories
Marxism…
Focus on trying to explain some general aspect of social behaviour
Interactionism…
Feminism…
Low-Level Theories
Focus on trying to explain a specific aspect of social behaviour.
Why do girls achieve higher educational qualifications than boys?
Why do I always fall asleep in Psychology lessons?

5. Functionalism… “Society Is Like”: A Human Body
Characteristics of human body…
Each part of the body works in harmony with all other parts
Characteristics of society…
Each part of society works in harmony with all other parts

6. Marxism… “Society Is Like”: A League Table
Characteristics of league table…
A league is characterised by competition between teams
Characteristics of society…
Society involves competition between social groups / classes

7. Interactionism… “Society Is Like”: A Play Characteristics of a play…
A play has actors who play their individual roles
Characteristics of society…
Society consists of individual actors who play a variety of roles

8. Feminism… “Society Is Like”: A League Table
Characteristics of league table…
A league is characterised by competition between teams
Characteristics of society…
Society involves competition between men and women

9. Post-Modernism… “Society Is Like”: A Theme Park
Characteristics of theme park…
A theme park has numerous different rides
Characteristics of society…
Society is characterised by a multiplicity of choices (work, education, leisure, etc.)

10. Functionalism
This is another option for an Overview slides using transitions.

11. Theorists

12. Functionalism is mainly associated with the work of two sociologists;
Émile Durkheim
& Talcott Parsons

13. other sociologist who worked on this topic as well;
Herbert Spencer, Davis and Moore, Robert Merton and Almond and Powell.

14. Sociological theories always have to be understood in terms of the time in which they were developed

15. Emile Durkheim
David Émile Durkheim was a French sociologist. He formally established the academic discipline and, with Karl Marx and Max Weber, is commonly cited as the principal architect of modern social science and father of sociology.

16. - the specialised division of labour
For Durkheim key features of 19th century were:
Industrialisation
- the specialised division of labour

17. ..and the movement of people from country to city –urban life

18. Talcott Parsons
Talcott Parsons was an American sociologist who served on the faculty of Harvard University from 1927 to 1973.

19. For Parsons two particular things struck him about life in 1950s USA
The considerable affluence enjoyed by many

20. ..and the vast scale of urban society
Downtown Los Angeles – early 1900s and 2010

21. Theory
Use a section header for each of the topics, so there is a clear transition to the audience.

22. Both sociologists developed a view which
focuses on the idea that societies
EVOLVE , grow or develop - a bit like living organisms

23. Societies are simply organised to start with, but over time they grow and become more complex

24. Like an organism, societies have certain needs
These needs are called ‘functional prerequisites’

25. All societies have these needs
– but they can achieve them in different ways

26. Systems are developed to meet the needs

27. An education system

28. A political system…..
.. And so on

29. The systems and the society are held together because everyone shares the same values
There is a shared culture

30. The shared culture is transmitted through socialisation into common norms and values

31. Society changes as systems or structures become more complex

32. In large scale industrial society, new ways have to be found to meet functional prerequisites

33. The need for specialised workers and professionals
means the old system of aristocratic elites
will not work

34. industrial society therefore becomes meritocratic
Functional Necessity

35. ..anyone can make it – if they have talent

36. But things don’t always work so smoothly

37. Robert Merton said industrial societies could be
Dysfunctional

38. …if essential needs are not being met or if some groups cannot achieve the goals of the whole society

39. But how could you criticise it?
Not a bad theory
But how could you criticise it?

40. It assumes value consensus
Clockwise
Turkey, UK, Ukraine
Political discussions around the world

41. It generally has an inadequate view of power – everyone seems fairly equal
Do we all start from the same position with equal power and resources?

42. It seems deterministic – as with Marxism, people still seem very much at the mercy of social structures

43. Like all theories it has strengths and weaknesses
Over to you
Like all theories it has strengths and weaknesses
But one point worth remembering is that even sociologists who don’t like functionalism much, usually recognise the importance of Durkheim
– He believed in the idea of social structures.

44. Discussion Are you in favor or against functionalism? Why? Why not?
How do you think this theory (functionalism) can be improved?
Discuss outcomes of the case study or class simulation.
Cover best practices.

45. Summary
Functionalists are very POSITIVE about society and always see the GOOD in everything. They even think that crime is good for society! - They look at society on a MACRO scale [this means that they look at society on a large scale]. They want to generalize their ideas to the whole of society. For example they look at what education does for society as a whole not just certain people in society.
Functionalists also believe that society is based on CONSENSUS, this means agreement, i.e. we are all SOCIALISED [brought up] to agree on how to behave [known as NORMS] and what is right and wrong [known as VALUES].
Functionalists believe that each part of society has a FUNCTION [a job to do] to make sure that society runs smoothly and everything stays in harmony. For example education has a function to make sure people are educated to be good at the job they will get after school.
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46. Microsoft Engineering Excellence
References
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 8th edition
Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics
Microsoft Confidential

47. Microsoft Engineering Excellence
Refrences
Fun basics functionalism presentation
Encyclopedia Britannica ultimate reference suite
Pictures taken from various websites
And some others that cannot be mentioned because of lack of the space
Microsoft Confidential

48. Microsoft Engineering Excellence
Questions?
Microsoft Confidential

49. Microsoft Engineering Excellence
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Microsoft Confidential

50. Winter 2012 Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University
Microsoft Engineering Excellence
Winter 2012 Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University
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Microsoft Confidential