1. Oxford Nanopore Technologies
Nanopore Sequencing

2. Introduction to nanopore sensing
A nanopore: a nano-scale hole.
Biological: a pore-forming protein (e.g. α-Hemolysin) in a membrane (e.g. lipid bilayer)
Solid-state: in synthetic materials ( e.g. silicon nitride or graphene)
Hybrid: formed by a pore-forming protein set in synthetic material

3. Nanopore sensing
Ionic current passed through membrane by setting a voltage across the membrane.
Disruption in current detected when analyte passes through the pore
or near its aperture.
Characteristic disruption indentifies the molecule in question.

4. Nanopore DNA sequencing
DNA polymer or individual nucleotides pass through the nanopore.
Detected by
a adaptor molecule ( e.g. Cyclodextrin).
Tunnelling electrodes based detectors.
Capacitive detectors
Graphene based nano-gap or edge state detectors.

5. Nanopore DNA sequencing
Strand sequencing:
Sequencing in real-time as the intact DNA polymer passes through the nanopore.
Exonuclease sequencing:
Individual nucleotides pass through the nanopore by the aid of processive exonuclease.

6. Strand Sequencing
Snapshot from movie at

7. Electron-based read out
Four different magnitudes of disruption which can be classified as C, G, A or T
Modified base, e.g. methylated cytosine, can be directly distinguished from the four standard bases

8. Strand Sequencing Hairpin structure: Sense and anti-sense sequencing
Advantages in Data Analysis
Snapshot from movie at

9. Exonuclease Sequencing
Snapshot from movie at

10. Exonuclease Sequencing
Adapter molecule (cyclodextrin):
Accuracy averaging 99.8%
Identification of meC
Snapshot from movie at

11. Working strategy MinION: a miniaturised sensing instrument Portable.
Field-deployable.
Requires minimal sample prep.
Compatible with blood serum, plasma and whole blood.

12. Working strategy GridION system
Uses single-use, self-contained cartridge.
Can be used as a single instrument: Node
Can be used in a cluster, connected through network.
Low power and space required.
Permits scheduling and multiplexing.

13. Workflow versatility No fixed run time Run until... sufficient data
Can be run one or more nodes for minutes or days.
Data analysis takes place in real time.
Longer run enables collecting more data points.
Run until... sufficient data
The GridION system enables users to run an experiment until sufficient data has been collected to reach a predetermined experimental endpoint.

14. Run until... sufficient data

15. Oxford nanoporeDNA sequencing: applications
Besides
Personalised Medicine
Diagnosis and treatment
Pharmacogenomics
Prevention
Security/defence

16. Advantages over present sequencing technologies
Real-time sequencing strategy.
No strand amplification needed.
No bias due to sequencing amplification.
Low cost: trying to fulfil the target of $1000 per human genome.
Lager read size: read size is limited only by preparation.
No requirement for large amounts of high-performance disk storage.
Large-scale structural variation can be detected at lower depth of coverage.
Enable long-range haplotyping.
No need for expensive and time-consuming mate pair library construction.

17. Thank you