1. Hybrid Cars Drew Tepper

2. What is a hybrid? Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) include both a combustion engine as well as an electric motor. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) include both a combustion engine as well as an electric motor. If we had better batteries, we would not need hybrids at all. If we had better batteries, we would not need hybrids at all. Hybrids can be implemented in many kinds of vehicles. Hybrids can be implemented in many kinds of vehicles.

3. Global-Warming: Still An Issue. Hybrids are not zero-emission vehicles. Hybrids are not zero-emission vehicles. Will cut down emissions of global-warming pollutants by a third to a half. Will cut down emissions of global-warming pollutants by a third to a half. Later models may cut these emissions down by even more. Later models may cut these emissions down by even more.

4. Why hybrids? Regenerative braking actually makes city driving more economical than on the highway. Regenerative braking actually makes city driving more economical than on the highway. Fuel efficiency is greatly increased (twice). Fuel efficiency is greatly increased (twice). Emissions are greatly decreased. Emissions are greatly decreased. Dependency on fossils fuels can be decreased. Dependency on fossils fuels can be decreased. Hybrids can be run on alternative fuels as well. Hybrids can be run on alternative fuels as well. New materials can be implemented. New materials can be implemented.

5. EPA at work Federal guidelines for emissions: Federal guidelines for emissions: –Tier 1 took effect in 1997 –Tier 2 will phased-in beginning 2004. National LEV (NLEV): builds on the California Emissions Standards until Tier 2 is implemented. National LEV (NLEV): builds on the California Emissions Standards until Tier 2 is implemented. LEV II: California Emissions Standards. LEV II: California Emissions Standards.

6. ULEV/SULEV Tier 1, TLEV, LEV, ULEV, SULEV, ZEV. Tier 1, TLEV, LEV, ULEV, SULEV, ZEV. CARB: California Air Resources Board. CARB: California Air Resources Board. CO 2 reductions not called for. Only HC, CO, NO x. CO 2 reductions not called for. Only HC, CO, NO x. Cars can be certified Low Emissions Vehicles but at the same time have high fuel consumption. Cars can be certified Low Emissions Vehicles but at the same time have high fuel consumption.

7. Reductions

8. Tax Incentives The IRS has determined that purchasers of a new Honda Insight, Honda Civic Hybrid or Toyota Prius are eligible for a "Clean-Fuel" vehicle tax deduction of $2,000. The current incentive is scheduled to phase out in 2004-06. The IRS has determined that purchasers of a new Honda Insight, Honda Civic Hybrid or Toyota Prius are eligible for a "Clean-Fuel" vehicle tax deduction of $2,000. The current incentive is scheduled to phase out in 2004-06. www.fueleconomy.gov/

9. Some EPA facts Every gallon of gasoline your vehicle burns puts 20 pounds of CO 2 into the atmosphere. Every gallon of gasoline your vehicle burns puts 20 pounds of CO 2 into the atmosphere. A 5 mpg difference in fuel economy equates to about 2,800 pounds of CO 2 a year. A 5 mpg difference in fuel economy equates to about 2,800 pounds of CO 2 a year. www.epa.gov/greenvehicles

10. Tons of greenhouse gas NLEV program does not take CO 2 into account but lets see some numbers: NLEV program does not take CO 2 into account but lets see some numbers: –Honda Insight: 3.4 t/yr. –Honda Civic Hybrid: 3.9 t/yr. –Toyota Prius: 4.0t/yr. –Ford Explorer: 11.0 t/yr. –Honda Civic: 5.7 t/yr. (calculated)

11. Honda Insight 2003 Cost: Cost: $19,080/$21,280 (MT/CVT) MT: manual transmission CVT: continuously variable transmission

12. Honda Insight 2003 IMA: integrated motor assist system Horsepower67(65)@5700 or 73(71)@5700 (with IMA) Emissions RatingULEV/SULEV Power Output13 hp/10 kW @ 3000 rpm Nickel Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) Battery144V (120 cells @ 1.2V) Length155.1 inches Curb Weight1847/(1878) or 1967 lbs. Mileage (City/Highway)61/68 or 57/56 mpg Tank Capacity10.6 gal. 0 to 6011.3/11.2 seconds

13. Honda Civic Hybrid 2003 Cost: $19,550/$20,550 (MT/CVT)

14. Honda Civic Hybrid 2003 Horsepower85@5700 or 93@5700 (with IMA) Emissions RatingULEV Power Output13.4 hp @ 4000 rpm Nickel Metal Hydride (Ni- MH) Battery144V (120 cells @ 1.2V) Length174.8 inches Curb Weight2661/2732 lbs. Mileage (City/Highway)51/46 or 48/47 mpg Tank Capacity13.2 gal. 0 to 6011 seconds Civic DX Auto $13,010 115@4500 ULEV 174.6 inches 2500 lbs. 29/38 mpg 13.2 gal 8.4 seconds

15. Toyota Prius 2003 Cost: $20,480 CVT

16. Toyota Prius 2003 Horsepower70@4500 (98 HP combined) Emissions RatingSULEV Power Output44 hp/33 kW @ 1040-5600 rpm Nickel Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) Battery273.6V (228 cells @ 1.2V) Length169.6 inches Curb Weight2765 lbs. Mileage (City/Highway)52/45 mpg Tank Capacity11.8 gal. 0 to 6012.7 seconds

17. A note about Ford I believe Ford is behind in the Hybrid world. I believe Ford is behind in the Hybrid world. The Hybrid Escape is due at the end of 2003 with 40/29 mpg as compared to 19/25 mpg. The Hybrid Escape is due at the end of 2003 with 40/29 mpg as compared to 19/25 mpg. The Explorer: 239 HP, 4422 lbs., gets 17/21 mpg, and has a 22.5 gallon tank. The Explorer: 239 HP, 4422 lbs., gets 17/21 mpg, and has a 22.5 gallon tank.

26. Tepper Fleet Consumption 33.3 t/yr. CO 2 33.3 t/yr. CO 2 Could be reduced to less than half if all cars were hybrids. Could be reduced to less than half if all cars were hybrids. www.fueleconomy.gov

27. Cars to come GM: Chevy Pickup 2004, Chevy Suburban 2004. GM: Chevy Pickup 2004, Chevy Suburban 2004. Daimler-Chrysler: Dodge Ram Pickup 2005, Mercedes S-Class 2006. Daimler-Chrysler: Dodge Ram Pickup 2005, Mercedes S-Class 2006.