1. CHELATED MINERALS IN ANIMAL NUTRITION
Rajendran, C.Kathirvelan and V.Balakrishnan
Madras Veterinary College
Chennai, INDIA

2. INTRODUCTION Role of Minerals: 7 macro minerals 9 micro mineral.
Minerals fed to Cattle
Role as Buffer
Feed intake
milk production
Enhance milk composition
Sustain health

3. “All Physiological Function”
Mineral deficiency occur
All Livestock & Poultry
May be sufficient amount in diet
Interaction between minerals
Presence of Anti nutritional factors
Phytate
Oxalate
Mimosine
Gossypol

4. Factor affecting absorption
Extend of mineral absorption in ruminant
Cobalt
7-10%
Iron
3-4%
Manganese
1-3%
Copper
Extent of absorption (%)
Minerals
25 %
Non-ruminant little higher with mineral
Factor affecting absorption
Chemical form – Organic, Inorganic
Other dietary factor –pH, Solubility etc.,

5. How to increase absorption
Complexing inorganic element with organic compound. This is called ‘Chelates’.
Chelates :
It is a cyclic compound which is formed between an organic molecule and a metallic ion. Held with in the organic molecule as if by a “claw”.
Chelate -Greek word - ‘Claw’
Naturally occurring chelates :
Chlorophyll's
Cytochrome
Haemoglobin
Vitamin B12

6. Classification of organic minerals
Metal (specific amino acid) Complex
Metal Aminoacid Complex
Metal Aminoacid Chelate
Mineral proteinnates
Mineral polysaccharide complex

7. Complexation and Chelates
Cu NH3 [Cu (NH3)2 + NH3
(Lewis acid) (Lewis base)
COMPLEX
[Cu (NH3)2]
Metalic ion + Ligand Complex
complex may be as simple as only one bond
Or complex contain many bond - Chelates Cu
NH3
Metal Complex

8. Metal Chelate

9. Classification of organic minerals
Metal (specific amino acid) Complex – The product resulting from complexing a soluble metal salt with a specific amino acid. Minimum metal must be declared. When used as a commercial feed ingredient, it must be declared as a specific metal, i.e copper lysine complex, zinc lysine complex etc.
Examples are:
Copper lysine complex
Zinc lysine complex
Ferric methionine complex
Manganese methionine complex
Zinc methionine complex

10. Classification of organic minerals
Metal Aminoacid Complex – Product resulting from complexing of a soluble metal salt (such as copper or manganese, etc) with an amino acid(s). Minimum metal content must declared. When used as a commercial feed ingredient.
Examples are:
Copper amino acid complex
Zinc amino acid complex
Magnesium amino acid complex
Iron amino acid complex
Calcium amino acid complex
Potassium amino acid complex
Manganese amino acid complex

11. Classification of organic minerals
Metal Aminoacid Chelate – The product resulting from the reaction of a metal ion from a soluble metal salt with amino acids, with a mole ratio of one mole of metal to one to three (preferably two) moles of amino acids to form coordinate covalent bonds.
Amino acids molecular weight must be approximately 150 the chelate molecular weight must not exceed The minimum metal content must be declared. When used as a commercial feed ingredient,
Magnesium amino acid chelate
Manganese amino acid chelate
Zinc amino acid chelate
Examples are:
Calcium amino acid chelate
Cobalt amino acid chelate
Copper amino acid chelate
Iron amino acid chelate

12. Classification of organic minerals
Metal proteinate is the product resulting from the chelation of a soluble salt with amino acids and/or partially hydrolyzed protein. It must be declared as a ingredient as the specific metal proteinate.
Examples are:
Copper proteinate
Zinc proteinate
Magnesium proteinate
Iron proteinate
Cobalt proteinate
Manganese proteinate
Calcium proteinate

13. Classification of organic minerals
Metal Polysaccharide Complex – is the product resulting from complexing of a soluble salt with a polysaccharide solution declared as a ingredient as the specific metal complex
Examples are:
Copper polysaccharide complex
Iron polysaccharide complex
Zinc polysaccharide complex
Magnesium polysaccharide complex

14. How to prepare a chelate
By reaction
mineral salt +
enzymatically prepared Amino acid/ peptide
Controlled condition
Ligand bind the metal atom at one or more point
Form Ring

15. Primary chelated mineral used in animal feeds are
Zinc
Iron
Manganese
Cobalt
Copper
These are “transitional” element
It prefer to form co-ordinate covalent bond- a hybrid form of linkage – stable complex
Ca, Mg, k

16. Technology for preparation of chelated minerals
Hydrolysis of Protein
Separation by centrifuge
and ultrafiltration
Chelation process
Removal of unbound mineral
Drying grinding and storage
Dinhh and Aruna Chhabra, 2003

17. Factors influencing stability
Chelated minerals...
Factors influencing stability
Charge / radius :
Neural binder – more polar – Higher tendency to coordinate metal ion.
Alkaline binder – Stabilization by formation of covalent bond
Chelation effect :
Mono dentate – less stable
Multi dentate – more stable
Dimensions of Chelation :
5 term
6 term
Shape: Steric Tension
High stability

18. Use of chelates in Animal Nutrition
Main Objectives :
Reduction of antagonism, interferences and competition among minerals.
Improve the bioavailability of minerals
Counteract antinutritional factors, which affecting minerals
Performance improvement
Health improvement (immune status, functional nutrition)
over all animal welfare
Improvement in animal produces quality (meat, milk, egg, wool etc.,)
Reduce degenerative effect of trace minerals on vitamins in premixes and feed.
Protect environment by reducing metal pollution.

19. Mode of action Stable in rumen environment & abomasum
Delivered in small intestine as such.
Absorbed through active transport (more blood level)
It act as biological complex (more tissue level)
Enter into different pool
Metabolizable in differently(Neathery et al 1972) (Pharmaco-dyanamics nutrient) (using 65Zn)

20. Ruminants

21. Mineral Amino Acid complex
Zinc methionine
Zinc lysine
Manganese methionine
Iron methionine
Copper lysine
Zinc methionine has been studied greatest extend.
Not much research on zinc lysine & iron methionine in ruminants.

22. Zinc mehionine
Not degraded
Remain intact
Bind with feed particle or micro organism
So no insoluble complex
Sperars 1989
Semi purifical diet deficient in zinc ZM compared with zinc oxide.
Absorption similar
Metabolized differently, Zno. Excreted more through urine.

23. CONCLUSION
Chelated minerals usually cost more, per unit of metal element, than the same metal in inorganic form.
Historically the argument against chelates was that increased use of inorganics was more economic than feeding chelates.
However, there is indication that in some situations, chelates can achieve biologic endpoints that inorganics cannot.

24. Chelated mineral can be used when more amount of antinutritional factor or interference affects mineral utilization
It can be used as immuno-stimulant but more data is needed.