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Dynamical Vs. Genetic Disease: What Do Complex Rhythms Reveal About Pathophysiology? Leon Glass Isadore Rosenfeld Chair in Cardiology McGill University, Montreal Quebec, Canada
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Genetic Disease (40,000 hits) Garrod (1908) – Inborn errors of metabolism show Mendelian inheritance Pauling et al. (1949) – Sickle cell anemia: a molecular disease Ingram (1956) – Chemical difference between normal human and sickle cell anemia hemoglobin
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Genetic Disease: Implications for Research Identify abnormalities Map abnormalities Determine genome (human genome project) Develop therapies
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Genetic Disease: Implications for therapy Prevention Environmental modifications (restrict toxic agents, replace deficient products or organs, remove toxic substances or organs) Gene therapy (increase or decrease expression of genes)
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Genetic Disease: Limitations of Concept Disease arises from interactions between genetics and environment Complex polygenic diseases are common and still not well understood Gene therapy is of limited utility so far People still get sick and must be treated Disorders are often dynamic (even genetic ones)
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Dynamical Disease (166 hits) Reimann (1963) – Periodic diseases Mackey and Glass (1977) – Dynamical diseases associated with qualitative changes in dynamics in physiological systems
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Reimann (1963)
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Mackey and Glass (1977) rate of change = production – destruction
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Dynamical Disease: Implications for Research Collect data from complex rhythms over long times (http://www.physionet.org)http://www.physionet.org Develop mathematical models and study effects of parameter changes Develop biological models that display complex rhythms Develop therapies
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Complex rhythms are ubiquitous in physiological systems
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Dynamical Disease: Implications for Research Collect data from complex rhythms over long times (http://www.physionet.org)http://www.physionet.org Develop mathematical models and study effects of parameter changes Develop biological models that display complex rhythms Develop therapies
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Pure Parasystole
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Rules of Pure Parasystole Count the number of sinus beats between ectopic beats. In this sequence: (1) there are 3 integers; (2) one is odd; (3) the sum of the two smaller is one less than the largest. Glass, Goldberger, Belair (1986)
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Modulated Parasystole Sinus beats reset the ectopic focus (Jalife and Moe, 1976) Courtemanche, Glass, Rosengarten, Goldberger (1989)
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Modulated Parasystole with Noise Schulte-Frohlinde et al. (2001)
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Parasystole: Conclusions Interesting mathematics and physics (number theory, stochastic nonlinear difference equations) explain arrhythmia Limited significance for medicine to date Potential significance – classification of complex arrhythmia
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Cardiac arrhythmias suddenly start and stop
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Mechanisms of Tachycardia 1. Reentry in a ring 2. Reentry in two dimensions
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G. R. Mines (1913)
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Dynamical Disease: Implications for Research Collect data from complex rhythms over long times (http://www.physionet.org)http://www.physionet.org Develop mathematical models and study effects of parameter changes Develop biological models that display complex rhythms Develop therapies
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Macroscope for Studying Dynamics in Tissue Culture
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Calcium Spiral (Calcium Green) Voltage Spiral (di-4-ANEPPS) Calcium Target (Calcium Green) Pacemakers and Reentry in Tissue Culture
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Bub, Glass, Publicover, Shrier, PNAS (1998) Bursting Rhythms in Tissue Culture
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Anatomy of a burst
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Cellular Automata Model of a Burst
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Pacemaker Nagai, Gonzalez, Shrier, Glass, PRL (2000) Dynamics in a Ring of Cardiac Cells
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Reentry
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Cardiac ballet
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FitzHugh-Nagumo Model of Propagation
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Heptanol: Heptanol slows propagation and leads to spiral breakup (may be similar to transition from ventricular tachycardia to ventricular fibrillation) Bub, Shrier, Glass, PRL (2002)
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Simulation of heptanol addition
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Dynamical Disease: Implications for Therapy Analyze complex rhythms for diagnosis and prognosis Develop novel methods for control based on dynamics of physiological system Add noise to improve perception or to perturb dynamics Adjust parameters (e.g. by giving drugs) to normal range
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T-wave alternans Rosenbaum et al. (1994)
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T-wave Alternans Predicts Arrhythmia
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Point D2 Dimension Skinner, Pratt, Vybiral (1993)
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NormalAtrial fibrillation http://www.aboutatrialfibrillation.com S.A. node Ventricle A.V. node Atrium P R T R Can you detect atrial fibrillation based on the RR intervals?
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National Resource for Complex Physiologic Signals A. Goldberger, Director http://www.physionet.org
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Identification of Atrial Fibrillation Tateno and Glass (2001)
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Histogram of ΔRR Intervals during AF
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Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test
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KS Test Can Be Used to Identify AF
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Applications of Dynamics for Diagnosis and Prognosis Many potential applications – cardiac arrhythmias, epilepsy, tremor, blood diseases Need for independent tests of algorithms by those with no stake in utility Data sets of rare time series will be indispensable
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Dynamical Disease: Implications for Therapy Analyze complex rhythms for diagnosis and prognosis Develop novel methods for control based on dynamics of physiological system Add noise to improve perception or to perturb dynamics Adjust parameters (e.g. by giving drugs) to normal range
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Control of Cardiac Chaos I n Garfinkel, Spano, Ditto, Weiss (1992)
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Identify the Unstable Fixed Point
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Stimulate to Control Rhythm
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Controlling Cardiac Alternans Hall, Christini, et al. (1997)
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Target Unstable Fixed Point
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Stimulate to Control Alternans
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Deep Brain Stimulation Controls Parkinsonian Tremor Benabid (1991)
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Deep Brain Stimulation Induces Bifurcations in Dynamics Titcombe, Glass, Guehl, Beuter (2001)
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Boundaries for Stimulation Effectiveness
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Dynamical Disease: Implications for Therapy Analyze complex rhythms for diagnosis and prognosis Develop novel methods for control based on dynamics of physiological system Add noise to improve perception or to perturb dynamics Adjust parameters (e.g. by giving drugs) to normal range
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Add noise to improve perception or to perturb dynamics Collins et al. – Stimulate feet to improve balance, ventilate with variable volumes Paydarfar et al. – Vibrate mattress to suppress apnea in infants
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Overview Both in medicine and mathematics there is strong emphasis on qualitative features of dynamics Mathematical models often capture critical features of clinical dynamics Dynamics gives insight into mechanisms New strategies for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy are being developed by scientists working together with physicians.
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