1. 1 Database Management Systems Chapter 1 Introduction

2. DATABASE 2 Goal: Build a Business Application Tools: Database Design SQL (queries) Programming Design SQL Program Design SQL Program Best: Worst:

3. DATABASE 3 DBMS: Database Management System Database A collection of data stored in a standardized format, designed to be shared by multiple users. Database Management System Software that defines a database, stores the data, supports a query language, produces reports, and creates data entry screens.

4. DATABASE 4 Drawbacks of old File methods Uncontrolled Duplication Wastes space Hard to update all files Inconsistent data Inflexibility Hard to change data Hard to change programs Limited data sharing Poor enforcement of standards Poor programmer productivity Excessive program maintenance

5. DATABASE 5 Advantages of Database Approach Minimal data redundancy. Data consistency. Integration of data. Sharing of data. Enforcement of standards. Ease of application development. Data independence.

6. DATABASE 6 Database Management Approach Data is most important Data defined first Standard format Access through DBMS Queries, Reports, Forms Application Programs 3GL Interface Data independence Change data definition without changing code Alter code without changing data Move/split data without changing code All Data DBMS Program1Program2 Queries Reports

7. DATABASE 7 Modifying Data with DBMS Add cell number to employee table Open table definition Add data element If desired, modify reports Use report writer No programming Existing reports, queries, code will all run as before with no changes. Field NameData TypeDescription EmployeeIDNumberAutonumber.. TaxpayerIDTextFederal ID LastNameText FirstNameText... PhoneText... CellPhoneTextCellular...

8. DATABASE 8 DBMS Components Database engine Storage Retrieval Update Query Processor Data dictionary Utilities Security Report writer Forms generator (input screens) Application generator Communications 3GL Interface

9. DATABASE 9 DBMS Engine, Security, Utilities Data Tables Database Engine Product ItemIDDescription 887Dog food 946Cat food Order OrderIDODate 98743-3-97 98883-9-97 Customer CustomerID Name 1195Jones 2355Rojas Product ItemIDInteger, Unique DescriptionText, 100 char Customer CustomerIDInteger, Unique NameText, 50 char Security User Identification Access Rights Utilities Concurrency and Lock Manager Backup and Recovery Administration Data Dictionary

10. DATABASE 10 Database Tables (Access)

11. DATABASE 11 Database Tables (Oracle)

12. DATABASE 12 DBMS Query Processor All Data Database Engine Data Dictionary Query Processor

13. DATABASE 13 DBMS Report Writer All Data Database Engine Data Dictionary Query Processor Report Writer Report Format and Query

14. DATABASE 14 Report Writer (Oracle)

15. DATABASE 15 DBMS Input Forms All Data Database Engine Data Dictionary Query Processor Form Builder Input Form Design

16. DATABASE 16 DBMS Components All Data Database Engine Data Dictionary Security Query Processor Form Builder Report Writer Communication Network 3GL Connector Program Application Generator

17. DATABASE 17 Examples of Commercial Systems Oracle Ingres Informix (Unix) DB2, SQL/DS (IBM) Access (Microsoft) SQL Server (Microsoft +) Many older (Focus, IMS,...) Many limited PC (dBASE, Paradox, …)

18. DATABASE 18 Hierarchical Database Customers Orders ItemDescriptionQuantity 998Dog Food12 764Cat Food11 Items Customer Order Items Ordered To retrieve data, you must start at the top (customer). When you retrieve a customer, you retrieve all nested data.

19. DATABASE 19 Network Database Customer Order Items Ordered Items Entry point

20. DATABASE 20 Relational Database Customer(CustomerID, Name, … Order(OrderID, CustomerID, OrderDate, … ItemsOrdered(OrderID, ItemID, Quantity, … Items(ItemID, Description, Price, …

21. DATABASE 21 Why dont all developers use a DBMS? Most new projects (in last 5 years) do use a DBMS Need specialized personnel Programmers Designers/Analysts Database administrators Need to define data for organization Cost PC:$400 - $2000 Large:$100,000 +

22. DATABASE 22 DBMS approach Applications change a lot, but same data. Need for ad hoc questions and queries. Need to reduce development times. Need shared data. Improve quality of data. Enable users to do more development.

23. DATABASE 23 Database System Design User views of data. Conceptual data model. Implementation (relational) data model. Physical data storage. Class diagram that shows business entities, relationships, and rules. List of nicely-behaved tables. Use data normalization to derive the list. Indexes and storage methods to improve performance.

24. DATABASE 24 The Need for Design Goal: To produce an information system that adds value for the user Reduce costs Increase sales/revenue Provide competitive advantage Objective: To understand the system To improve it To communicate with users and IT staff Methodology: Build models of the system

25. DATABASE 25 Initial Steps of Design 1.Identify the exact goals of the system. 2.Talk with the users to identify the basic forms and reports. 3.Identify the data items to be stored. 4.Design the classes (tables) and relationships. 5.Identify any business constraints. 6.Verify the design matches the business rules.

26. DATABASE 26 Definitions Entity:Something in the real world that we wish to describe or track. Class: Description of an entity, that includes its attributes (properties) and behavior (methods). Object:One instance of a class with specific data. Property:A characteristic or descriptor of a class or entity. Method:A function that is performed by the class. Association:A relationship between two or more classes. Entity:Customer, Merchandise, Sales Class: Customer, Merchandise, Sale Object:Joe Jones, Premium Cat Food, Sale #32 Property:LastName, Description, SaleDate Method:AddCustomer, UpdateInventory, ComputeTotal Association:Each Sale can have only one Customer. Pet Store Examples

27. DATABASE 27 Associations General One-to-one(1:1) One-to-many(1:M) Many-to-many(M:N) Relationships represent business rules Sometimes common-sense Sometimes unique to an organization Users often know current relationships, rarely future Objects related to objects An employee can work in only one department Many departments can work on many different products Objects related to properties An employee can have only one name Many employees can have the same last name 1* AnimalBreed ** performs TasksEmp 1* places SaleCust. places 1* Purch. Order Supplier sent to

28. DATABASE 28 Why Normalization? Need standardized data definition Advantages of DBMS require careful design Define data correctly It especially makes it easier to expand database later Method applies to most models and most DBMS Similar to Entity-Relationship Goal: Define tables carefully Save space Minimize redundancy Protect data

29. DATABASE 29 Definitions Relational database: A collection of tables. Table: A collection of columns (attributes) describing an entity. Individual objects are stored as rows of data in the table. Property (attribute): a characteristic or descriptor of a class or entity. Every table has a primary key. The smallest set of columns that uniquely identifies any row Primary keys can span more than one column (concatenated keys) We often create a primary key to insure uniqueness (e.g., CustomerID, Product#,...) called a surrogate key. EmployeeIDTaxpayerIDLastNameFirstNameHomePhoneAddress 12512888-22-5552CartomAbdul(603) 323-9893252 South Street 15293222-55-3737VenetiaanRoland(804) 888-6667937 Paramaribo Lane 22343293-87-4343JohnsonJohn(703) 222-9384234 Main Street 29387837-36-2933StenheimSusan(410) 330-98378934 W. Maple Employee Properties Rows/Objects Class: Employee Primary key

30. DATABASE 30 First Normal Form Problems (Data) TransIDRentDateCustIDPhoneLastNameFirstNameAddressCityStateZipCode 14/18/023502-777-7575WashingtonElroy95 Easy StreetSmith's GroveKY42171 24/30/027615-888-4474LasaterLes67 S. Ray DrivePortlandTN37148 34/18/028615-452-1162JonesCharlie867 Lakeside DriveCastalian SpringsTN37031 44/18/023502-777-7575WashingtonElroy95 Easy StreetSmith's GroveKY42171 TransIDVideoIDCopy#TitleRent 1122001: A Space Odyssey$1.50 163Clockwork Orange$1.50 281Hopscotch$1.50 221Apocalypse Now$2.00 261Clockwork Orange$1.50 391Luggage Of The Gods$2.50 3151Fabulous Baker Boys$2.00 341Boy And His Dog$2.50 431Blues Brothers$2.00 481Hopscotch$1.50 4131Surf Nazis Must Die$2.50 4171Witches of Eastwick$2.00 1NF splits repeating groups Still have problems Replication Hidden dependency: If a video has not been rented yet, then what is its title?

31. DATABASE 31 Second Normal Form Definition Each non-key column must depend on the entire key. Only applies to concatenated keys Some columns only depend on part of the key Split those into a new table. Dependence (definition) If given a value for the key you always know the value of the property in question, then that property is said to depend on the key. If you change part of a key and the questionable property does not change, then the table is not in 2NF. RentalLine(TransID, VideoID, Copy#, Title, Rent) Depend only on VideoID Depends on both TransID and VideoID

32. DATABASE 32 Second Normal Form Example Title depends only on VideoID Each VideoID can have only one title Rent depends on VideoID This statement is actually a business rule. It might be different at different stores. Some stores might charge a different rent for each video depending on the day (or time). Each non-key column depends on the whole key. RentalLine(TransID, VideoID, Copy#, Title, Rent) VideosRented(TransID, VideoID, Copy#) Videos(VideoID, Title, Rent)

33. DATABASE 33 Second Normal Form Example (Data) TransIDVideoIDCopy# 112 163 221 261 281 341 391 3151 431 481 4131 4171 VideoIDTitleRent 12001: A Space Odyssey$1.50 2Apocalypse Now$2.00 3Blues Brothers$2.00 4Boy And His Dog$2.50 5Brother From Another Planet$2.00 6Clockwork Orange$1.50 7Gods Must Be Crazy$2.00 8Hopscotch$1.50 VideosRented(TransID, VideoID, Copy#) Videos(VideoID, Title, Rent) RentalForm2(TransID, RentDate, CustomerID, Phone, Name, Address, City, State, ZipCode) (Unchanged)

34. DATABASE 34 Third Normal Form Definition RentalForm2(TransID, RentDate, CustomerID, Phone, Name, Address, City, State, ZipCode) Each non-key column must depend on nothing but the key. Some columns depend on columns that are not part of the key. Split those into a new table. Example: Customers name does not change for every transaction. Dependence (definition) If given a value for the key you always know the value of the property in question, then that property is said to depend on the key. If you change the key and the questionable property does not change, then the table is not in 3NF. Depend only on CustomerID Depend on TransID

35. DATABASE 35