1. 311 Heat Transfer
Ege University
Fall 2012

2. Instructor: Dr. Lutfiye Altay, e-mail: lutfiye. altay@ege. edu
Instructor: Dr. Lutfiye Altay, office: 301
Schedule: : Lectures: Wednesday: 8:30 -10:15 (room:204),
Thursday, 8:30 -10:15 (room:204)
Textbook: “Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer”, F.P. Incropera, D.P. DeWitt, T. L. Bergmann and A. S. Lavine, 6th ed., Wiley
Ege University library

3. Syllabus
Introduction: Conservation of energy, modes of heat transfer (Chp. 1)
Conduction: Rate equation, boundary and initial conditions, thermal properties (Chp.2)
1-D Steady State Conduction: Plane wall, cylinder and sphere, composite walls, equivalent circuits, conduction with heat generation , extended surfaces (Chp. 3)
2-D Steady-State Conduction: Graphical and numerical approaches (Chp.4)
Transient Conduction: Lumped capacitance and spatial effects (Chp. 5)
Convection Fundamentals: Velocity, thermal and concentration boundary layers, dimensionless numbers (Chp. 6)
External Flows: Flat plate, cylinder, sphere (Chp. 7)

4. What is heat transfer ?
Why is it important?
Energy can exist in various forms such as thermal, mechanical, kinetic, potential, electrical, magnetic, chemical and nuclear.
In thermodynamics you learned that energy can be transferred by work and heat
Hot coffee will cool down by the transfer of energy from warm medium to the cold one
This energy transfer is always from higher temperature to lower temperature and the energy transfer stops when two mediums reach the same temperature
Heat: form of energy that can be transferred from one system to another as a result of temperature difference

5. Again,
Heat: thermal energy in transit due to temperature difference
Science that deals with the determination of the rates of such energy transfer is Heat transfer
Why is heat transfer important?
Thermodynamics deals with;
The amount of energy required to change a system from one equilibrium state to another
end states of the process (equilibrium states)
Thermodynamics can’t tell how long the process will take
Heat Tranfer deals with;
the rates of energy transfer (times of cooling or heating)
the variation of the temperature

6. You can determine the amount of heat transferred from a thermos bottle while coffee cools from 90oC to 60oC by a thermodynamic analysis alone.
But, if you are interested in how long it will take for coffee to cool down to 60oC, a thermodynamic analysis can not answer this question.
Ex)
When 1 kg of iron quenched from 1000oC to 100oC in an oil bath
Thermodynamics tells us the loss in energy
(mass)x(specific heat)x(temp change)
(1kg) x (-450J7kgK) x (900K) = 405kJ
How long we need to wait for the temperature to drop to 100oC?
Heat Transfer

7. Heating and air conditioning systems,refrigerator, freezer, water heater, iron, computer, TV, car radiators, solar collectors, power plants, spacecrafts, heat exchangers, boilers,furnaces, optimum insulation thicknesses in the walls and roofs,on steam pipes and many more systems are designed on the basis of a heat transfer analysis.

8. Heat transfer process can be studied either
Heat transfer problems encountered in practise can be divided into two groups
Rating
Determination of the heat transfer rate for an existing system at a specified temperature difference
Determination of the size of a system in order to transfer heat at a specified rate for a specified temperature difference
Sizing
Heat transfer process can be studied either
Experimentally
(testing and taking measurements)
Analytically
(by analysis and calculation) or
Measurements, and limits of experimental errors
Accuracy of the assumptions and idealizations made in the analysis
Good results are reached by reducing the choices to a few by analysis and then verifying the findings experimentally
Ex)
Heating system of a building?
Size should be determined before building is built on the basis of dimensions and specifications given

9. Internal Energy (U) Total Energy E
Internal Energy (U): related to molecular structure of a system and degree of the molecular activity, microscopic energy. Sum of all microscobic forms of energy is called internal energy
Internal Energy (U)
Nuclear component
Bonds within the nucleus of atom
Chemical component
Sensible component
Latent component
Chemical bonds between atoms
Released or absorbed during chemical or nuclear reaction
Translational, vibrational and/or rotational motion of the atoms/molecules
(kinetic energy of the molecules)
Intermoleculer forces (that binds molecules to each others) influencing phase change between solid,liquid and vapor states
Strongest in solids weakest in gases. If sufficient energy is added binding bonds gets weaker : phase change
Velocity and degree of activity of molecules are proportional to temperature. Higher T molecules will have higher kinetic energy,thus system will have higher internal energy
Internal energy is higher in gas phase than in solid/liquid phase

10. At low pressures and high temperatures density of a gas decreases,
In the analysis of systems that involve fluid flow, we deal with u and Pv,
h= u+ Pv
Flow energy (flow work)
enthalpy
Internal energy u represents the microskobic energy of a nonflowing fluid. enthalpy, h, represents the microscobic energy of flowing fluid.
Ideal gas
Pv = RT or P = ρRT
At low pressures and high temperatures density of a gas decreases,
gas behave like an ideal gas
Air, nitrogen,oxygen,hydrogen, helium, argon, neon, krypton,carbon dioxide can be treated as ideal
Dense gases such as water vapor, refrigerator vapor should not always be treated as ideal gases

11. (Ability to store thermal energy)
Specific heat: energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree
(Ability to store thermal energy)
Cp : Specific heat at constant pressure
For an ideal gas: Cp = Cv + R
Cv : Specific heat at constant volume
Specific heats in general depends on temperature and pressure , however for ideal gases they depend on temperature only
(At low pressures all real gases aproach ideal gases)
Specific heat of air changes with temperature

12. Change in internal energy for solids and liquids, Cp=Cv=C
Differential changes in the internal energy, u, and enthalpy, h , of an ideal gas ;
du = CvdT
dh = CpdT
Finite changes in the internal energy, u, and enthalpy, h , of an ideal gas ;
∆u = Cv,ave∆T
∆h = Cp,ave∆T
or,
∆U = mCv,ave∆T
∆H = mCp,ave∆T
m=mass of the system
Incompressible substance= whose specific volume (or density) does not change with temperature and pressure
Change in internal energy for solids and liquids,
Cp=Cv=C
∆U = mCave∆T
Cp and Cv values are constant for incompressible substances

13. Heat: form of energy that can be transferred from one system to another as a result of temperature difference
Transfer of a thermal energy heat transfer
Q :
Amount of heat transfer during a process
q :
Amount of heat transfer per unit time 
Heat transfer rate
Follow the board

14. How is heat transferred?
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Heat can be transferred in three different modes:
Conduction:
Transfer of energy from more energetic particles to less energetic particles due to interaction between particles
Gas and liquids; due to collision and diffusion of molecules
Solids; vibrations of the molecules and energy transport by free electrons
-Related to atomic or molecular motion in matter
-No bulk motion
-Energy tranfer from high energy molecules to low energy molecules
The mechanism of heat conduction in different phases of substance
Follow the board

15. Introduction to Conduction
At point A: Temperature 50oC
heat flux 80 W/m2
Heat conduction is toward inside (heat gain)?
Heat conduction is toward the outside (heat loss)?
Heat transfer has direction as well as magnitude and therefore it is a vector quantity
A positive quantity indicates heat transfer in the positive direction and negative quantity indicates heat transfer in the negative direction

16. Driving force for any kind of heat transfer is the temperature difference.
Larger the temperature difference larger the rate of heat transfer
In many engineering problems we need to calculate temperature distribution (variation of T) throughout the medium so that we can calculate local heat transfer at any point A B
In order to specify the location of that point we need to choose a suitable coordinate system depending on the geometry C

17. Rectangular coordinates (x, y, z)
Cylindrical coordinates (r, Φ, z)
Spherical coordinates (r, Φ, θ)
Then temperature at a point (x, y, z) at time t in rectangular coordinates can be expressed as
T (x,y,z,t)
temperature changes with respect to x, y ,z directions as well as time
T (x)
temperature changes in the x direction only , no variation with time

18. Heat transfer problems
no change with time
variation with time or time dependence
Steady:
Transient(unsteady):
Temperature or heat flux remains unchanged with time
Cooling of an apple in a refrigerator?
Temperature at any fixed point within the apple will change during cooling

19. Heat Transfer Problems
One dimensional, two dimensional, three dimensional
Two dimensional heat transfer in a long rectangular bar
Heat transfer through the window of a house can be taken as one dimensional

20. Rectangular Coordinatesx y z
Heat diffusion equation

21. Cylindrical Coordinates
Heat diffusion equation

22. Spherical Coordinates
Heat diffusion equation

23. How to solve an engineering problem