1. Book Chapter 6—Steam and Condensate Systems
Lecture 2
Briefly—Solar and Wave Energy (GREEN) Book chapter 5—Boilers and Fired Systems
Book Chapter 6—Steam and Condensate Systems
Review Quiz
Chapter 9 – Quality Assurance
Chapter 9S– Acceptance Sampling
Chapter Forecasting
Fall 2012—
ENERGY MANAGEMENT

2. Introduction to solar and wind energy
This section includes discussions of renewable energy resources, but primarily those of solar and wind.
At the present time the payback period is greater than other renewable's. However, as time proceeds the payback period will decrease.
The payback will gradually approach the other types of energy and storage systems
Fall 2012—
ENERGY MANAGEMENT

3. ULL Ocean Energy & Technology Team
Dr. Ted Kozman
Dr. Yucheng Liu
Jeremiah Pastor
Team Leader
Kelly Guiberteau
Grant Caliver
Raul Viera
Clay Guillory
Kevin Judice

4. Comparison to Other Estimates
EPRI used spectral analysis to estimate
60 TWh/yr on inner shelf
80 TWh/yr on outer shelf
Extrapolation methods were not given
Used 4 buoys
Further offshore
2005 had a high number of events
More events offshore
Classified GOM as “Mildly Energetic” (< 10 kW/m)

5. Fall 2012—
ENERGY MANAGEMENT

6. Why the GOM High Activity Ship Diesel to platforms
2,380 companies
161 operators
561Gm2 leases
Ship Diesel to platforms
Fuel cost
Shipping cost
Emissions cost
Permit growth is spreading to deep waters.

7. Fall 2012—
ENERGY MANAGEMENT

8. Spring 2010—
ENERGY MANAGEMENT

10. Spring 2010—
ENERGY MANAGEMENT

11. Power Buoy Ocean Power Technology, US and UK Point Absorber
44 m tall, 11 m diameter
8 km offshore
20 – 50 kW per unit
Multiple units
Commercial unit in Spain 1.39 MW

12. EnergeTech Australia Oscillating Water Column 35 meters wide 450 tons
$2-3 Million
Up to 50 meters offshore
Double acting turbine

13. Ideas for fuel-fired systems
Almost two-thirds of the fossil-fuel energy consumed in the United States involves the use of a boiler, furnace, or other fired system. Over 68% of the electricity generated in the United States is produced through the combustion of coal, fuel oil, and natural gas.
Boilers and fired systems or subsystems are not inherently energy efficient—with these systems there is significant opportunities for reducing energy consumption.
Indeed, in operating the IAC for the first year, only 13% of the plants could have improved efficiency in their fossil-fuel fired systems but saved more than 80% of the energy recommendations (in MMBTU)
Fall 2012—
ENERGY MANAGEMENT

14. Analysis of boilers and fired systems
Governing equations
Not easy—because all values may change with time.
Heat and mass balances are used to determine where all the heat or mass enters or leaves a system.
Fall 2012—
ENERGY MANAGEMENT

15. Key elements for maximum efficiency
Percent increase in efficiency or fuel savings = [(new eff.) – (old eff.)]/(new eff.)
Ensure the furnace walls and stack vent are airtight and not a source of air infiltration.
Ensure optimum burner performance
Establish a maintenance program and establish an operator’s log and monitor key parameters. (Make corrections to operations if the key parameters change significantly.
Fall 2012—
ENERGY MANAGEMENT

16. Exhaust Stack Temperature
We need to reject stack gases at the lowest possible temperature consistent with design principles -- use additional heat recovery methods if the flue-gas temperature exceeds 250oF.
Excess heat can be recovered by adding an economizer to heat the the inlet (makeup) water—should be Tw = Tg –100oF or adding a gas/air pre-heater to heat the intake air.
For units with stack gas in the >1,000oF, use an additional unit to generate steam or other medium
Fall 2012—
ENERGY MANAGEMENT

17. Requirements for maximum economy
Boilers generally operate most efficiently at 65% to 85% full-load rating. Centrifugal fans (with motors) at 80% to 90%. Efficiencies fall off at higher or lower load points.
It is usually more efficient to operate a lesser number of boilers at higher loads than larger number at low loads.
Boilers should be put into service in order of decreasing efficiency starting with the most efficient unit.
Newer units and units with higher capacity are generally more efficient than older, smaller units.
Generally, steam plant load swings should be taken in the smallest and least efficient unit.
Fall 2012—
ENERGY MANAGEMENT

18. Fuel Considerations Coal: Natural Gas:
Costs have been artificially low (up until recently) by government control.
Only limited equipment is necessary.
Boiler costs are less because of heat transfer and flame characteristics.
Little or no pollution control equipment is required.
Fuel Oil:
Many classifications and makeup of oils
All fuel oil has a high heat value (HHV) and a low heat value (LHV). LHV is the heat produced during combustion but HHV is used in the US.
Viscosity can vary depending on the oil, the higher the viscosity the operation and design are more difficult.
Flash points are normally high, so fuel oils are relatively safe to handle.
Pour point—determines if storage heating is required in colder climates.
Sulfur content is an important consideration in meeting environmental regulations.
Ash and other contaminates can cause reduced heat transfer and lower efficiency.
Coal:
Environmental limitations, higher capital costs, larger storage requirements, higher maintenance costs and increasing transportation costs.
Fall 2012—
ENERGY MANAGEMENT

19. Steam and Condensate Systems
Energy conservation opportunities:
General operations:
Review operation of long steam lines
Review operation of steams systems for occasional services.
Implement regular steam leak survey.
Monitor steam use.
Reduce temperature requirements of heated storage vessels to the absolute minimum.
Steam trapping:
Check sizing and institute regular survey and maintenance program.
Condensate recovery:
Survey condensate sources presently discharged to waste drains
Consider pressurizing atmospheric condensate to minimize flash losses.
Fall 2012—
ENERGY MANAGEMENT

20. Continued Insulation: Energy conservation opportunities (continued)
Mechanical drive turbines:
Consider shutting down standby turbines.
Clean turbines on a regular basis
Consider CHP instead of large pressure-reducing valves.
Insulation:
Use infrared thermography to locate areas insulation deterioration of piping and equipment on a regular basis.
Re-evaluate insulating previously uninsulated equipment.
Survey the economics of retrofitting additional insulation on insulated equipment.
Fall 2012—
ENERGY MANAGEMENT

21. Steam properties and definitions
British Thermal Unit (Btu)—amount of heat required to raise 1 pound of water 1 degree Fahrenheit.
Boiling point—the temperature at which water begins to boil at any given pressure.
Saturated and superheated steam—saturated temperature at a pressure will produce more steam and doesn’t raise the temperature as more heat is added. If all water is boiled off—and we continue to add heat and the temperature continues to rise this is called superheated steam.
Fall 2012—
ENERGY MANAGEMENT

22. Boiler Blow down
In steam generation using boilers, most water impurities are not evaporated with the steam and thus concentrate in the boiler water. The concentration of the impurities is usually regulated by the adjustment of the continuous blow down valve, which controls the amount of water (and impurities) purged from the steam drum.
Too little blowdown, sludge deposits and carryover will result.
Too much blowdown, excessive hot water is removed, resulting in increased boiler fuel requirements and inefficiencies.
Fall 2012—
ENERGY MANAGEMENT

23. Energy Conservation Opportunities:
General Operations:
Regular steam leak survey and repair.
Plant-wide steam balance to eliminate venting low-pressure steam
Steam Trapping:
Regular survey and maintenance program.
Check sizing periodically.
Insulation:
Survey and maintain on a regular basis
Review insulation economics of all uninsulated areas on a periodic basis.
Fall 2012—
ENERGY MANAGEMENT

24. Definitions Sensible Heat Latent Heat Enthalpy
Heat input that can be “sensed” as in raising the temperature
Latent Heat
Heat that goes into a process and converts it from liquid to vapor
Enthalpy
Total energy content of a flowing medium (usually expressed in Btu/lb) takes both latent and sensible heat into account
Fall 2012—
ENERGY MANAGEMENT

25. Steam Traps
May represent a major energy conservation opportunity (or problem). Basic function of a steam trap is to allow condensate formed in the heating process to be drained from the the equipment. Inefficient condensate removal almost always increases the amount of energy required by the process and may produce water hammer (can cause equipment damage).
Steam traps may also facilitate the removal of air from the steam space. The presence of air in the system reduces the temperature for heat transfer.
Steam traps are sized in two specifications: condensate load (#/hr or gal/min) and the pressure differential across the trap (psig). It is a good idea to size the trap with a know load and a factor of safety (usually 3 or 4).
Steam traps can either fail open (allowing live steam to discharge) or closed (causing condensate to back up into the steam system—may lead to disastrous effects). Typically 15% to 60% of the traps in a system may be blowing through, wasting enormous amounts of steam and energy.
Fall 2012—
ENERGY MANAGEMENT

26. HW 2—Problems: 1-4 Due by 9/04/2012, 1pm
At design parameters, what should be the O2 content in the stack for a gas-fired boiler?
All else being equal, what kind of combustion efficiency gains might be obtained by lowering the stack temperature rise from 450oF to 250oF?
All else being equal, what kind of combustion efficiency gains might be obtained by lowering the stack O2 content from 9% to 2%?
Develop a spreadsheet that calculates boiler efficiency based upon stack temperature rise and O2 content.
Fall 2012—
ENERGY MANAGEMENT

27. HW2—Problem 5
Setup a saving operation by running two boilers instead of three similar to that shown on pages :
Boiler 1: 140,000 #/hr., 186 BTU/hr.?
Boiler 2: 140,000 #/hr., 204 BTU/hr.?
Boiler 3: 70,000 #/hr., 100 BTU/hr.  ?
Fall 2012—
ENERGY MANAGEMENT

28. HW2—Problem 6
500-ft of 6-in. steam pipe carries saturated steam at 150 psig. Tables obtained from an insulation manufacturer indicate a heat loss from this piping run is presently 500,000 Btu/hr. With proper insulation, the manufacturer’s tables indicate that this loss could be reduced to 5000 Btu/hr. With the boiler at 85% efficiency, what is the steam savings and the fuel savings?
Fall 2012—
ENERGY MANAGEMENT

29. HW2—Problems 7, 8
Estimate the steam usage and fuel usage of a of a paper corrugator doing 100,000 ft2 per hour. The efficiency of the current steam boiler is 75%.
Estimate the steam usage and fuel usage of a 25 ft steam table in restaurant usage. The efficiency of the steam boiler is 80%
Fall 2012—
ENERGY MANAGEMENT

30. HW2—Problem 9, 10
What is the annual cost of a 1/16 inch diameter steam leak in a system operating at 250 psi with the normal cost of steam at $3.50/1000 lbs.?
What things (and how) are to be inspected during routine maintenance of a steam system. Estimate potential savings by fixing suck things as traps and leaks.
Fall 2012—
ENERGY MANAGEMENT