1. Market Distortions Caused by Government Policies All such programs cause a net loss to the economy. Gain is usually to the producers who lobby Congress. Loss is borne by millions of unorganized and unknowing consumers.

2. B A CS reduced by A + B C Supply Restrictions: General Analysis Quantity Price D P0P0 Q0Q0 S S Q1Q1 Cost to government = B + C + D = additional profit made if producing Q 0 at P S PSPS D Change in PS = A + B + D

3. B A The change in producer surplus will be A - C - D. Producers may be worse off. C D Minimum Prices: Sound Good to Producers But Do Not Work Well Quantity Price S D P0P0 Q0Q0 Q3Q3 Q2Q2 P min If producers produce Q 2, the amount Q 2 - Q 3 will go unsold. D measures total cost of increased production not sold

4. Price Supports Much of agricultural policy is based on a system of price supports. – Price set by government above free-market level and maintained by governmental purchases of excess supply Government can also increase prices through restricting production, directly or through incentives to producers

5. Price Supports What are the impacts on consumers, producers and the federal budget? Consumers – Quantity demanded falls and quantity supplied increases – Government buys surplus – Consumers must pay higher price for the good – Loss in consumer surplus equal to A+B

6. Price Supports Producers – Gain since they are selling more at a higher price – Producer surplus increases by A+B+D Government – Cost of buying the surplus which is funded by taxes so indirect cost on consumers – Cost to government = (Q 2 -Q 1 )P S

7. B D A To maintain a price P s the government buys quantity Q g. D + Q g QgQg Price Supports Quantity Price S D P0P0 Q0Q0 PsPs Q2Q2 Q1Q1 E Net Loss to society is E + B

8. Price Supports Government may be able to dump some of the goods in the foreign markets Total welfare effect of policy CS + PS – Govt. cost = D – (Q 2 -Q 1 )P S Society is worse off over all Less costly to simply give farmers the money

9. D + Q g By buying 122 million bushels the government increased the market-clearing price. 2,688 A B C QgQg P 0 = $3.70 AB consumer loss ABC producer gain S D P 0 = $3.46 2,6301,800 Example: The Wheat Market in 1981 Quantity Price 2,566

10. Supporting the Price of Wheat In 1985, the situation became worse – Export demand fell and the market clearing price of wheat fell to $1.80/bushel. – Equilibrium quantity was 2231 – The actual price, however, was $3.20 – To keep price at $3.20, the government had to purchase excess wheat – Government also imposed a production quota of about 2425 million bushels

11. Supporting the Price of Wheat 1985 Government Purchase: – 2,425 = 2,580 - 194P + QG – QG = -155 + 194P – P = $3.20 -- the support price – QG = -155 + 194($3.20) = 466 million bushels

12. The Wheat Market in 1985 Price Quantity 1,800 S D P 0 = $1.80 2,232 To increase the price to $3.20, the government bought 466 million bushels and imposed a production quota of 2,425 bushels. D + Q S 1,959 S 2,425 P 0 = $3.20 QSQS

13. Supporting the Price of Wheat 1985 Government Cost: – Purchase of Wheat = $3.20 x 466 = $1,491 million – 80 cent subsidy =.80 x 2,425 = $1,940 million – Total government program cost = $3.5 billion

14. Import Quotas and Tariffs Many countries use import quotas and tariffs to keep the domestic price of a product above world levels – Import quotas: Limit on the quantity of a good that can be imported – Tariff: Tax on an imported good This allows domestic producers to enjoy higher profits Costs to consumers is high

15. Import Quotas and Tariffs With lower world price, domestic consumers have incentive to purchase from abroad. – Domestic price falls to world price and imports equal difference between quantity supplied and quantity demanded Domestic industry might convince government to protect industry by eliminating imports – Quota of zero or high tariff

16. QSQS QDQD PWPW A BC Quota of zero pushes domestic price to P 0 and imports go to zero. Import Tariff To Eliminate Imports Quantity Price Q0Q0 D P0P0 S In a free market, the domestic price equals the world price P W. Imports Loss to consumers is A+B+C. Gain to producers is A. Dead weight loss: B +C.

17. Import Tariff (general case) The increase in price can be achieved by a tariff. Q S increases and Q D decreases Area A is the gain to domestic producers. The loss to consumers is A + B + C + D. DWL = B + C Government Revenue is D = tariff * imports D CB QSQS QDQD Q S Q D A P* PwPw Q P D S

18. Import Quota (general case) If a quota is used, rectangle D becomes part of the profits to foreign producers Consumers lose A+B+C+D Producers gain A Net domestic loss is B + C + D. D CB QSQS QDQD Q S Q D A P* PwPw Q P D S

19. The Sugar Quota Example The world price of sugar has been as low as 4 cents per pound, while in the U.S. the price has been 20-25 cents per pound. Sugar quotas have protected the sugar industry but driven up prices Domestic producers have been better off and so have some foreign producers that have quota rights Consumers are worse off

20. The Sugar Quota Example The Impact of a Sugar Quota in 2001 – U.S. production = 17.4 billion pounds – U.S. consumption = 20.4 billion pounds – U.S. price = 21.5 cents/pound – World price = 8.3 cents/pound – Price elasticity of US supply = 1.5 – Price elasticity of Us demand is –0.3

21. Impact of Sugar Quota The data can be used to fit the US supply and demand curves – QS = -8.70+ 1.21P – QD = 26.53 - 0.29P – World price was 24.2 million pounds leading to little domestic supply and most domestic consumption coming from large imports – Government restricted imports to 3 billion pounds raising price to 21.5 cents/pound

22. Sugar Quota in 1997 C D B A The cost of the quotas to consumers was A + B + C + D = $2.4b. The gain to producers was area A = $1b. S US D US Price (cents/lb.) 4 8 11 16 20 P W = 8.3 before quota P US = 21.5 after quota Quantity (billions of pounds) 24.2 1.4 17.420.4