1. Statements and Reasoning
What You'll Learn
The definition of Statements, Negations, Conjunctions and Disjunctions
 Statement – a set of words and symbols that collectively make a claim that can be classified as true or false. A statement can be given a variable name, such as P or Q.
Examples:
P: 7 < 3
Q: = 7
False
True
Opinions, Questions, and Commands are not statements, such as “Country music sucks.” or “Who is it?” or “Look out!”
Negation – a claim of the opposite of a statement. If P is a statement, then ~P is the negation.
Examples:
P: It rains in Seattle. ~P: It does not rain in Seattle.
Q: = 7 ~Q: ≠7

2. Statements and Negations
Conjunction - The combination of two statements with the “AND” condition. A conjunction is only true If BOTH statements are true.
Disjunction – the combination of two statements with the “OR” condition. A disjunction can be true if EITHER statement is true.
Examples:
P: It rains in Seattle Q: = 7
~P and Q _______
~P or Q ________
false
true

3. Reasoning
Intuition is often called “insight.” Conclusions are based upon a hunch. The conclusion is as often wrong as right.
EXAMPLE: Before the opening kickoff of the first game of the season, Bill predicts that his team will win the game.
Induction is the type of reasoning in which specific observations lead to a general conclusion. Induction is used in laboratory experimentation and clinical observation. Conclusions are often accurate in that they are the result of many observations.
EXAMPLE: After examination and diagnosis of several patients, a pediatrician concludes that there is an influenza epidemic in that area.
Deduction is the type of reasoning in which a general principle leads to a specific conclusion. Deduction, which is used often in geometry, is a certain method when properly applied.
EXAMPLE: If an integer is even, then it is divisible by two.
Since 14 is an even integer, it is divisible by two.

4. Conditional Statements and Their Converses
What You'll Learn
You will learn to write statements in if-then form and write the converse of the statements.
In mathematics, you will come across many _______________.
if-then statements
For Example:
If a number is even,
then it is divisible by two.
If – then statements join two statements based on a condition:
A number is divisible by two only if the number is even.
Therefore, if – then statements are also called __________ __________ .
conditional statements

5. Conditional Statements and Their Converses
Conditional statements have two parts.
The part following if is the _________ .
premise
The part following then is the _________ .
conclusion
If a number is even, then the number is divisible by two.
Premise:
a number is even
Conclusion:
the number is divisible by two.

6. Conditional Statements and Their Converses
Law of Detachment
If P, then Q. P
(C) Q
means “therefore”
EXAMPLE: The following valid argument is based upon the use of the Law of Detachment.
(1) If a person lives in Toronto, then he/she lives in Canada.
(2) Mary Francis lives in Toronto.
(C) Mary Francis lives in Canada.
A common mistake in applying the Law of Detachment is called
“asserting the conclusion.” The following argument is NOT valid.
(1) If a person lives in Toronto, then he/she lives in Canada.
(2) Mary Francis lives in Canada.
(C) Mary Francis lives in Toronto.

7. Conditional Statements and Their Converses Conditional Statement
How do you determine whether a conditional statement is true or false?
Conditional Statement
True or False
Why?
If it is the 4th of July (in the U.S.), then it is a holiday.
True
The statement is true because the conclusion follows from the premise.
If an animal lives in the water, then it is a fish.
False
You can show that the statement is false by giving one counterexample.
Whales live in water, but whales are mammals, not fish.

8. Conditional Statements and Their Converses
There are different ways to express a conditional statement. The following statements all have the same meaning.
If you are a member of Congress, then you are a U.S. citizen.
All members of Congress are U.S. citizens.
You are a U.S. citizen if you are a member of Congress.
You write two other forms of this statement: “If two lines are parallel, then they never intersect.”
Possible answers:
All parallel lines never intersect.
Lines never intersect if they are parallel.

9. Conditional Statements and Their Converses
The ________ of a conditional statement is formed by exchanging the premise and the conclusion.
converse
Conditional: If a figure is a triangle, then it has three angles.
a figure is a triangle
it has three angles
Converse: If _______________, then ________________.
it has three angles
a figure is a triangle
NOTE: You often have to change the wording slightly so that the converse reads smoothly.
Converse: If the figure has three angles, then it is a triangle.

10. Conditional Statements and Their Converses
Write the converse of the following statements. State whether the converse is TRUE or FALSE.
If FALSE, give a counterexample:
“If you are at least 16 years old, then you can get a driver’s license.”
If ________________________, then _______________________.
you can get a driver’s license
you are at least 16 years old
TRUE!
“If today is Saturday, then there is no school.
FALSE!
If _______________, then ______________.
there is no school
today is Saturday
We don’t have school on New Years day which may fall on a Monday.

11. Sets and Venn Diagrams Example: Ten Best Friends
You could have a set made up of your ten best friends:
{alex, blair, casey, drew, erin, francis, glen, hunter, ira, jade}
Each friend is an "element" (or "member") of the set
(it is normal to use lowercase letters for them.)
Now let's say that alex, casey, drew and hunter play Soccer:
Soccer = {alex, casey, drew, hunter}
(The Set "Soccer" is made up of the elements alex, casey, drew and hunter).
                
And casey, drew and jade play Tennis:
Tennis = {casey, drew, jade}
You could put their names in two separate circles:

12. Sets and Venn Diagrams
Union
You can now list your friends that play Soccer OR Tennis.
This is called a "Union" of sets and has the special symbol ∪:
Soccer ∪ Tennis = {alex, casey, drew, hunter, jade}
Not everyone is in that set ... only your friends that play Soccer or Tennis.
We can also put it in a "Venn Diagram":
Venn Diagram: Union of 2 Sets
A Venn Diagram is clever because it shows lots of information:
Do you see that alex, casey, drew and hunter are in the "Soccer" set?
And that casey, drew and jade are in the "Tennis" set?
And here is the clever thing: casey and drew are in BOTH sets!

13. Sets and Venn Diagrams
Intersection
"Intersection" is when you are in BOTH sets.
In our case that means they play both Soccer AND Tennis ... which is casey and drew.
The special symbol for Intersection is an upside down "U" like this: ∩
And this is how we write it down:
Soccer ∩ Tennis = {casey, drew}
In a Venn Diagram:
Venn Diagram: Intersection of 2 Sets

14. Sets and Venn Diagrams

15. Sets and Venn Diagrams
Often when we are solving an equation and we get “no solution”,
Another way to put it is that the solution is the empty set,

16. Sets and Venn Diagrams

17. Using Venn Diagrams to verify conclusions: Example 8/11
Sets and Venn Diagrams
Using Venn Diagrams to verify conclusions:
Example 8/11
1.If a student plays on the Rockville High School boys’ varsity basketball team, then he is a talented athlete.
2. Todd plays on the Rockville High School boys' varsity basketball team.
What can we conclude?
The statement “If P, then Q” is sometimes expressed in the form, “All P are Q” which can be illustrated like this: ●T
Let P = players on the Rockville boys’ varsity basketball team.
Q = talented athletes
T= Todd
If follows that since All P are part of Q and T is in P, then T is in Q. P Q

18. Subsets {1, 3, 4} {1, 4, 3, 2} Subsets More Notation
When we define a set, if we take pieces of that set, we can form what is called a subset.
So for example, we have the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. A subset of this is {1, 2, 3}. Another subset is {3, 4} or even another, {1}. However, {1, 6} is not a subset, since it contains an element (6) which is not in the parent set. In general:
A is a subset of B if and only if every element of A is in B.
So let's use this definition in some examples.
Is A a subset of B, where A = {1, 3, 4} and B = {1, 4, 3, 2}?
1 is in A, and 1 is in B as well. So far so good.
3 is in A and 3 is also in B.
4 is in A, and 4 is in B.
That's all the elements of A, and every single one is in B, so we're done.
Yes, A is a subset of B
Note that 2 is in B, but 2 is not in A. But remember, that doesn't matter, we only look at the elements in A.
In the Rockville basketball example, Since All Basketball Players are Talented Athletes (If P, then Q),
Then we can also say
{1, 3, 4}
{1, 4, 3, 2}
More Notation
When we say that A is a subset of B, we write