1. Dynamics of Inductive ERK Signaling in the Drosophila Embryo
Bomyi Lim, Carmeline J. Dsilva, Thomas J. Levario, Hang Lu, Trudi Schüpbach, Ioannis G. Kevrekidis, Stanislav Y. Shvartsman 
Current Biology 
Volume 25, Issue 13, Pages (June 2015)
DOI: /j.cub
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2. Figure 1 Kinetics of ERK Activation and Expression of Its Target Gene
(A and B) ERK activation and expression of ind during the third and fourth hours of development. Optical cross-sections of embryos are shown in (A). Time indicates an estimated developmental age of a given snapshot (see also Figures S1 and S2). 0 min corresponds to the onset of nuclear cycle 14. The embryo in (B) is positioned with its anterior side to the left and the dorsal side on top. The arrow indicates the position where optical cross-sections were imaged.
(C) ERK activation within the ind expression domain is transient.
(D) ind mRNA is induced shortly after ERK is activated and persists after ERK activation decays. ERK activates ind by antagonizing its repression by the uniformly distributed transcriptional repressor Capicua. The time courses of dpERK and ind are plotted at the center of the ind-expression domain, indicated by the arrow in (C). Analysis is based on a dataset from 140 embryos, co-stained with dpERK antibody and ind probe, and imaged together in the same microfluidic device.
Error bars correspond to the SEM.
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3. Figure 2 Spatiotemporal Control of ERK Activation
(A) Schematic of spatial patterns of the expression of the core components of the EGFR-activation system. Egfr, Star, and spi are uniformly expressed, and rho and vn are expressed in localized patterns established by the gradient of nuclear dorsal (see also Figure S3).
(B) Comparison of the ERK activation kinetics between the wild-type and mutant embryos reveals that only one ligand contributes to signaling (see also Figure S3). 36 wild-type (WT), 30 vn−/−, and 25 rho−/− embryos were used in the analysis.
(C) Joint dynamics of rho and dpERK: ERK activation is delayed with respect to rho expression. Arrows indicate the positions where the signal was analyzed.
(D) rho and dpERK at two positions along the DV axis, corresponding to the ventral (light green and light red) and dorsal (dark green and red) borders of the rho pattern. The duration of rho expression decreases from ventral to dorsal boundaries of the domain. Accordingly, ERK activation kinetics changes from a sustained pattern to a transient one. 137 embryos co-stained with rho probe and dpERK antibody were analyzed. Gray shading indicates 5-min time windows where rho and dpERK are at their peak levels.
(E) Average spatial expression of rho and dpERK during the time windows indicated in (D). Spatial expression was plotted along the DV axis (x = 0 and 1 indicate the dorsal-most point; x = 0.5 indicates the ventral-most point).
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4. Figure 3 Model for Kinetics of ERK Activation
(A) Schematic of the simple ligand-receptor-binding model; the spatial pattern of ligand production along the DV axis is shown on the right.
(B) Removal of sna leads to ectopic ERK activation on the ventral side of the embryo.
(C) ERK activation in the wild-type and sna−/− embryos measured at the ventral-most cell (left) and at the ind-expressing cell (right). The location of the measured cells is indicated by the arrows in (B). 57 WT and 47 sna−/− embryos were analyzed.
(D) ERK activation is uniformly reduced in the Egfr+/− embryos.
(E) ERK activation was measured at the middle of the ERK expression domain (left) and in the ind-expressing cells (right). ERK activation in the Egfr+/− embryos follows the same kinetics as in the wild-type but with uniformly reduced amplitude (see also Table S2). The location of the measured cells is indicated by the arrows in (D). 66 WT and 67 Egfr+/− embryos were analyzed.
Error bars correspond to the SEM.
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5. Figure 4 Switch-like Regulation of ind Expression by ERK
(A) Dynamics of inductive signaling: a pulse of rho expression translates into a pulse of ERK activation and step-like induction of ind. Both steps in this cascade (rho/dpERK and dpERK/ind) rely on multiple components that control multiple aspects of signal reception and interpretation.
(B) Lateral views of ERK activation and ind expression at the onset of gastrulation (∼3 hr 10 min). ERK activation is significantly reduced in csw-RNAi embryos (right). ind is induced in a domain that is more narrow and variable along the AP axis.
(C) (Left) ERK activation in the csw-RNAi embryos is reduced to about a quarter of the wild-type level. The activation is still transient. (Right) The induction of ind is delayed in time. 40 WT and 112 csw RNAi embryos were analyzed. See also Figure S4.
Error bars correspond to the SEM.
Current Biology  , DOI: ( /j.cub )
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