1. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) A Tale of Ravishing Delight by James D. Nickel Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net

2. Two Good Resources Max Caspar, Kepler (New York: Dover Publications, [1959] 1993). James R. Voelke, Johannes Kepler and the New Astronomy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net

3. My Introduction to Kepler Great is our Lord and great His virtue and of His wisdom there is no number: praise Him, ye heavens, praise Him, ye sun, moon, and planets, use every sense for perceiving, every tongue for declaring your Creator. Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net

4. My Introduction to Kepler Praise Him, ye celestial harmonies, praise Him, ye judges of the harmonies uncovered … and thou my soul, praise the Lord thy Creator, as long as I shall be: for out of Him and through Him and in Him are all things … [both the sensible and the intelligible]; Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net

5. My Introduction to Kepler for both whose whereof we are utterly ignorant and those which we know are the least part of them; because there is still more beyond. To Him be praise, honor, and glory, world without end. Amen. Johannes Kepler, Epitome of Copernican Astronomy & Harmonies of the World, trans. Charles Glenn Wallis (Amherst: Prometheus Books, [1618-1621, 1939] 1995), p. 245. Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net

6. Outline Scientific and mathematical heritage. Childhood and Education. First Cosmological Model. First and Second Planetary Laws: His war with Mars. Optics. Personal tragedy. Wine barrels and Calculus. Third Law of Planetary Motion: Harmony of the World. Last season of life. Epitaph. Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net

7. Scientific and mathematical heritage Laws of Astronomy. Optics. Polyhedra. Packing problems. Logarithms. Volumes of solids and calculus. Astronomical Tables. Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net

8. The World of Kepler

9. Vocation Calling … For a long time I was restless: But now see how God is, by my endeavors, also glorified in astronomy. As we astronomers are priests of the highest God in regard to the book of nature, we are bound to think of the praise of God and not the glory of our own capacities. Carola Baumgardt, Johannes Kepler: Life and Letters (New York: Philosophical Library, 1951), p. 31, 44. Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net

10. Keplers First Cosmological Model

11. Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net Keplers First Cosmological Model

12. Keplers Response The intense pleasure that I have received from this discovery can never be told in words. I regretted no more the time wasted; I tired of no labour; I shunned no toil of reckoning, days and nights spent in calculation, until I could see whether my hypothesis would agree with the orbits of Copernicus, or whether my joy was to vanish into air. Cited in Sir Oliver Lodge, Johann Kepler, in The Word of Mathematics, ed. James R. Newman (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1956), 1:223. Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net

13. Keplers War with Mars Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net 8 minutes of an arc (8/60 1/8 ). Sir Oliver Lodge (1:227), I need not say that all these attempts and gropings... entailed enormous labour, and required not only great pertinacity, but a most singularly constituted mind, that could thus continue groping in the dark, without a possible ray of theory to illuminate its search. Grope he did, however, with unexampled diligence.

14. Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net A line joining the planet to the Sun (called the radius vector) sweeps out equal areas in equal times as the planet describes its elliptical orbit. Keplers First and Second Laws of Planetary Motion

15. Optics Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net For it was by all means the will of God the Creator that the human being, His image, should lift up his eyes from these earthly things to those heavenly ones, and should contemplate such great monuments of His wisdom. Hence the entire arrangement of the fabric of the world tends to bear witness to us of this will of the Creator, as if by a voice sent forth. Johannes Kepler, Optics: Paralipormean to Witela and Optical Part of Astronomy, trans. William H. Donahue (Santa Fe, NM: Green Lions Press, 2000), p. 323.

16. Tragedy Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net

17. Wine barrels and Calculus Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net

18. Thirteen Archimedean solids Truncated Tetrahedon Cuboctahedron Truncated Cube (truncated hexahedron) Truncated Octahedron Rhombicuboctahedron (small rhombicuboctahedron) Truncated Cuboctahedron (great rhombicuboctahedron) Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net

19. Thirteen Archimedean solids Snub Cube (snub cuboctahedron) Icosidodecahedron Truncated Dodecahedron Truncated Icosahedron (soccer ball) Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net

20. Thirteen Archimedean solids Rhombicosidodecahedron (small rhombicosidodecahedron). Truncated Icosidodecahedron (great rhombicosidodecahedron). Snub Dodecahedron (snub icosidodecahedron). Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net

21. Keplers Third Law of Planetary Motion (Time and Distance) The ratio of the squares of the planetary periods (time) are the same as the ratio of the cubes of the mean radii of their orbits. The cubes of the distances of the planets from the Sun are proportional to the squares of the times taken by these planets to make a complete circuit. The square of the time of revolution of each planet is proportional to the cube of its mean distance from the Sun. Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net

22. Keplers Third Law of Planetary Motion If D is the mean distance of a planet from the Sun, and T is the length of its year, then for all the planets T 2 /D 3 = c (a fixed number) or … T 2 = cD 3 where c is a fixed constant for all planets. In our Solar system, c = 1 … Amazing! Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net

23. Planetary Data Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net PlanetDistance, D, from Sun taking the Earths Distance as Unit Time, T, of a complete Circuit taking the Earths time (1 year) as Unit Square of Time divided by cube of Distance Pluto39.51247.700.99 Neptune30.07165.001.00 Uranus19.1984.001.00 Saturn9.5429.461.00 Jupiter5.2011.861.00 Mars1.521.881.01 Earth1.00 Venus0.720.621.03 Mercury0.390.240.97

24. Operations and Order of Algebra T 2 = cD 3 where c = 1 T 2 = D 3 Solve for T: T = D 3/2 or … y = f(x) = x 3/2 where x = mean distance y = time Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net

25. Planetary Data Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net Planetx = Dy = T Pluto39.51247.70 Neptune30.07165.00 Uranus19.1984.00 Saturn9.5429.46 Jupiter5.2011.86 Mars1.521.88 Earth1.00 Venus0.720.62 Mercury0.390.24 y = f(x) = x 3/2

26. Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net The uniform scale is awkward: cant fit all the data. Power Function y = f(x) = x 3/2

27. Take the log of the Power Function y = x 3/2 log y = log (x 3/2 ) log y = 3/2 log x Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net

28. Take the log of the Power Function log y = 3/2 log x Let Y = log y Let X = log x By substitution, we get: Y = (3/2)X Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net

29. The Log of the Data Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net PlanetXlog XYlog Y Pluto39.511.60247.702.39 Neptune30.071.48165.002.22 Uranus19.191.2884.001.92 Saturn9.540.9829.461.47 Jupiter5.200.7211.861.07 Mars1.520.181.880.27 Earth1.000.001.000.00 Venus0.72-0.140.62-0.21 Mercury0.39-0.410.24-0.62

30. Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net Y = (3/2)X log-log scale

31. Keplers Response What sixteen years ago, I urged as a thing to be sought... for which I have devoted the best part of my life... at length I have brought to light, and recognized its truth beyond my most sanguine expectations.... Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net

32. Keplers Response Nothing holds me; I will indulge my sacred fury; I will triumph over mankind by the honest confession that I have stolen the golden vases of the Egyptians to build up a tabernacle for my God far away from the confines of Egypt. Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net

33. Keplers Response If you forgive me, I rejoice; if you are angry, I can bear it; the die is cast, the book is written, to be read either now or by posterity, I care not which; it may well wait a century for a reader, as God has waited six thousand years for an observer. Cited in Lodge, 1:232. Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net

34. Last season of life Biographer Max Caspar, They [the orbits of planets–JN] have the form of ellipses with the sun in one focus. But the eccentricities of these ellipses are no more arbitrary and without rule than any other measures. No, in this fine construction the highly artistic formative hand of the Creator is shown in a very special way. Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net

35. Last season of life Since the eccentricities determine the rates of the planets at aphelion and perihelion, they have been so measured by the Creator that between them appear the harmonic proportions which are to be presented by geometry and which are the foundation of music. So a divine sound fills the whole world. Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net

36. Last season of life To be sure, sensual hearing is unable to perceive the wonderful harmony. But the spiritual ear perceives it, just as it is also the spiritual eye with which we see the loveliness of the sizes. Max Caspar, Kepler (New York: Dover Publications, [1959] 1993), p. 386. Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net

37. Last season of life I measured the skies, now the shadows I measure. Skybound was the mind. Earthbound the body rests. Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net

38. Heaven weeps … Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net

39. Keplers ethos Max Caspar, God is the beginning and end of scientific research and striving. Therein lies the keynote of Keplers thought, the basic motive of his purpose, the life giving soil of his feeling. His deep religiousness expresses itself not only in occasional bents and passions of a pious soul; it feeds not only on reminiscences from the time of his theological studies. Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net

40. Keplers ethos It penetrates his entire creativity and spreads out over all the works he left behind. It is this feeling for religion which above all lends them the special warmth which we experience with such pleasure when reading them. Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net

41. Keplers ethos All of its own accord at every opportunity the name of God crosses his lips; to Him he turns now with a request, now with praise and thanks; before Him he examines his deeds and omissions, his thoughts and words, to discover whether they can pass the test and are directed toward the proper goal. Caspar, p. 374. Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net

42. Conclusion Keplers ethos (governing motivation of life): Soli deo gloria. Copyright 2010 www.biblicalchristianworldview.net