1. Cambridge IGCSE Biology Extended Level
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Cambridge IGCSE Biology Extended Level
Classification
Plants, Bacteria, Viruses and Fungi

2. You should be able to:
List the main visible features of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous flowering plants.
List the main features of viruses, bacteria and fungi, and their adaptations to the environment

3. Flowering plants are classified into two groups:
Monocotyledonous plants 1 cotyledon strap like leaves parallel veins flower parts divisible by 3 example: kaffir lily

4. Flowering plants are classified into two groups:
Dicotyledonous plants 2 cotyledons broad leaves branching veins flower parts divisible by 4 or 5

5. Comparing monocotyledons and dicotyledons:
Feature
monocotyledon
dicotyledon
Number of cotyledons 1 2
Leaf shape
strap like
broad
Vein pattern
parallel
branching
Flower parts divisible by: 3
4 or 5
Example
Kaffir lily
Hibiscus

6. Which plant is a monocotyledon and which is a dicotyledon?

7. You should be able to:
List the main visible features of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous flowering plants.
List the main features of viruses, bacteria and fungi, and their adaptations to the environment

8. Bacteria are single celled organisms
Bacteria cells are about 1/1000th the size of animal or plant cells.
cell membrane
cytoplasm
DNA
no nucleus, DNA is one long strand kept in the cytoplasm
cell wall
made of peptidoglycans
slime capsule

9. Viruses are not classified as living things as they are not made of cells
Viruses are very small, approximately 100nm across (1nm = 1/ of a mm)
10nm
RNA
proteins of the virus coat
cross section of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

10. Viruses reproduce by invading other cells
White blood cell (lymphocyte)
1. Virus attaches to cell membrane
2. Virus RNA enters cell
6. New viruses leave the cell
3. DNA copy of the RNA is made
5. Virus cores are made in the cytoplasm
4. Nucleus makes copies of the virus RNA

11. The main body of a fungus is the mycelium, which is made of hyphae
Fungal cells have cell walls made of substances such as chitin
mushroom
sporangium containing spores
spores produced here
Mucor growing on moist bread
hyphae of mushroom mycelium
hyphae of Mucor mycelium:
Secrete digestive enzymes

12. Now you should be able to:
List the main visible features of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous flowering plants.
List the main features of viruses, bacteria and fungi, and their adaptations to the environment
Now you should be able to
Explain why many animals have a heart and circulation (a mass transport system)
And
Explain the importance of water as a solvent in transport, including its dipole nature.

13. Cambridge IGCSE Biology