1. Noninvasive diagnosis of renal artery stenosis by ultrasonic duplex scanning 
Ted R. Kohler, M.D., R.Eugene Zierler, M.D., Robert L. Martin, B.S., Stephen C. Nicholls, M.D., Robert O. Bergelin, B.S., Andris Kazmers, M.D., Kirk W. Beach, Ph.D., M.D., D.Eugene Strandness, M.D. 
Journal of Vascular Surgery 
Volume 4, Issue 5, Pages (November 1986)
DOI: / (86)
Copyright © 1986 Society for Vascular Surgery and North American Chapter, International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

2. Fig. 1
B-mode image shows aorta in cross section and right renal artery with accompanying spectral waveforms, which display the Doppler frequency shift vs. time. Angle of Doppler beam to artery axis is measured, allowing use of Doppler equation to calculate velocity from frequency. Waveform from aorta (B) is triphasic, whereas that of renal artery (A) has more rounded systolic peak and forward flow throughout the cardiac cycle.
Journal of Vascular Surgery 1986 4, DOI: ( / (86) )
Copyright © 1986 Society for Vascular Surgery and North American Chapter, International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

3. Fig. 2
Waveforms from patient with right renal artery stenosis. Signal from area of stenosis (B) has a maximum frequency 4.54 times greater than that of adjacent aorta (C). Beyond stenosis frequency has decreased and systolic peak is more rounded (A).
Journal of Vascular Surgery 1986 4, DOI: ( / (86) )
Copyright © 1986 Society for Vascular Surgery and North American Chapter, International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

4. Fig. 3
Waveforms from renal artery of normal kidney (A) and from kidney with increased vascular resistance (B). Arrows indicate peak frequency and end-diastolic frequency (EDF). EDF and end-diastolic ratio are decreased in kidney with increased vascular resistance.
Journal of Vascular Surgery 1986 4, DOI: ( / (86) )
Copyright © 1986 Society for Vascular Surgery and North American Chapter, International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

5. Fig. 4
Scatter plot of aortic peak velocity vs. age (correlation coefficient, −0.37; p < 0.01).
Journal of Vascular Surgery 1986 4, DOI: ( / (86) )
Copyright © 1986 Society for Vascular Surgery and North American Chapter, International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

6. Fig. 5
Renal-aortic ratios (RARs) for arteries that according to arteriography were stenotic (greater than 60% diameter reduction) or nonstenotic (less than 60% diameter reduction).
Journal of Vascular Surgery 1986 4, DOI: ( / (86) )
Copyright © 1986 Society for Vascular Surgery and North American Chapter, International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

7. Fig. 6
The best (highest) end-diastolic ratio (EDR) found in either kidney plotted against serum creatinine level for patients with RAR less than 3.5 (correlation coefficient, −0.46; p < 0.01).
Journal of Vascular Surgery 1986 4, DOI: ( / (86) )
Copyright © 1986 Society for Vascular Surgery and North American Chapter, International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

8. Fig. 7
Waveforms from well-functioning aortorenal vein graft show no increase in velocity and wave forms typical for renal arteries will forward flow in diastole (A, aorta proximal to graft; B, proximal graft; C, distal graft).
Journal of Vascular Surgery 1986 4, DOI: ( / (86) )
Copyright © 1986 Society for Vascular Surgery and North American Chapter, International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions