1. Introduction Introduction Background Solutions:
Environmental and Engineering
Intermission
Social and Political
Conclusion
OUTLINE TO PRESENTATION INTRO- Debarshi/Bonnie (2) Katrina/geography ? Lisa (8) Intro to environmental issues ? Adam (2) Hypotheticals ?Adam (4) 100 Year Plan (where we?re trying to go with all this) ? Adam (2) SOLUTION (problems are included w/in the solution for each topic) Sea Level Rise ? YeSeul (5) Wetlands ? Anna/ Leigh (5) ? (may go after rivers, tbd) Rivers ? Nick/Emily (12) Levees ? Dan/Shardae (12) INTERMISSION Recap ? Debarshi (2) SOLUTION (cont?d) Neighborhoods/Zoning ? Leigh/Bonnie (10) Ports/Jobs/Relocation ? Aubrey (8) Social/Culture/Team 7 stuff (include recycling and reclamation) ? Polina/Warren (10) Evacuation ? Michael (5) Costs
Committee for Continued Monitoring ? (3)- ?? CONLUSION ? Debarshi (2) In social/team 7? Gov housing (with building codes) -> low income Green tech ? 1 sentence -> Education NFIP -> Education/low income/etc

2. Background Geography of New Orleans Hurricane Katrina
Introduction
Background
Solutions:
Environmental and
Engineering
Intermission
Social and Political
Conclusion
Geography of New Orleans
Hurricane Katrina
Environmental Issues
Alternative Plans
100 Year Plan
OUTLINE TO PRESENTATION INTRO- Debarshi/Bonnie (2) Katrina/geography ? Lisa (8) Intro to environmental issues ? Adam (2) Hypotheticals ?Adam (4) 100 Year Plan (where we?re trying to go with all this) ? Adam (2) SOLUTION (problems are included w/in the solution for each topic) Sea Level Rise ? YeSeul (5) Wetlands ? Anna/ Leigh (5) ? (may go after rivers, tbd) Rivers ? Nick/Emily (12) Levees ? Dan/Shardae (12) INTERMISSION Recap ? Debarshi (2) SOLUTION (cont?d) Neighborhoods/Zoning ? Leigh/Bonnie (10) Ports/Jobs/Relocation ? Aubrey (8) Social/Culture/Team 7 stuff (include recycling and reclamation) ? Polina/Warren (10) Evacuation ? Michael (5) Committee for Continued Monitoring ? (3)- ?? CONLUSION ? Debarshi (2) In social/team 7? Gov housing (with building codes) -> low income Green tech ? 1 sentence -> Education NFIP -> Education/low income/etc

3. New Orleans Geography Lake Pontchartrain (north) Lake Borgne (east)
Mississippi River (through the city)
Gulf of Mexico (south)
Wetlands (southeast)

4. Environmental Concerns
Elevation– from 2 m above to 5 m below sea level
Mississippi River bed is rising
Subsidence– 5-8 mm per year
Reduction of Wetlands– 75 sq. km per year
Sea Level Rise– 11 cm to 77 cm in 100 years
Global Warming

5. Hurricane Katrina
Made landfall as a Category 3 in southeastern Louisiana
Sustained winds of 125 mph
Projected storm surge of 28 ft
On August 28th, Mayor Ray Nagin enacted the first mandatory evacuation plan
Superdome housed 26,000 people
Storm surge caused several levee breaches and flooded city
Overall death toll: 1,800

6. Government Response Response was slow and inefficient
FEMA mobilized 1000 Homeland Security workers
Firefighters and ambulance crews not allowed in immediately
Federal government lacked sufficient devastation information
Problems with looting
Superdome became a humanitarian crisis
Search and rescue efforts were uncoordinated

7. Increasing Hurricane Intensity
Hurricane Betsy
81 casualties
$1.4 billion
Hurricane Camille
335 casualties
$11 billion
Hurricanes Katrina and Rita
2,000 casualties
$105 billion
Background – adam
Graph

8. Looking 100 Years Into The Future
The Possibilities
&
The Final Proposal
Background Adam – filler picture

9. The Possibilities Rebuild and Improve Abandon North Shore Plan
The Final Proposal
Background Adam
Filler picture

10. Rebuild and Improve Rebuild better than pre-Katrina High cost
High risk
Preserves unique New Orleans culture
Maintains economy
Background Adam
Aerial map with red and yellow levees

11. Abandon Deemed too risky to live in Organized relocation of citizens
Low cost
Low risk
Background Adam
Aerial map with red and yellow levees

12. The North Shore Preserve unique portions
Historical
Economic functions
Relocate residents to St. Tammany Parish
Make New Orleans a commuter city
High risk on North Shore also
Lack of available land
Background Adam
Map of St. Tamany

13. The Final Proposal Downsize to historical sector
Move major port functions
Port of South Louisiana
Baton Rouge
New hurricane and flood protection system
Citizens’ Relocation Committee (CRC)
Use river to develop wetlands
Background Adam –
New Orleans in 2100 levees map

14. The Final Proposal Incorporates the best from the other possibilities
Preserves historical sector
Provides for relocation of port economy
CRC provides for safety of suburban residents
Smaller region to protect
Lower long-term cost
Lower risk

15. Solutions: Environmental and Engineering
Introduction
Background
Solutions:
Environmental and
Engineering
Intermission
Social and Political
Conclusion
Sea Level Rise
Wetlands
Rivers
Flood Protection System

16. Global Warming Increase in temperature
Caused by emission of greenhouse gases
Affect on sea level rise:
Thermal Expansion
Melting glaciers, ice caps
Changes to hydraulic cycle

17. Sea Level Rise Range: 10 cm to 100 cm (IPCC Third Assessment Report)
Median: 48 cm
Models used: CCCma, GFDL, Hadley-CM3, MPI

18. Uncertainty of Sea Level Rise
Do not capture multiple climate effects
Uncertainty in heat uptake by deep ocean
Timescales lead to inaction in policy
Kyoto Protocol

19. Subsidence Types of: Endogenic – caused by human activities
Exogenic – caused by natural processes
Causes:
Groundwater withdrawal
Petroleum extraction
Tectonic motion

20. Cost of Sea Level Rise
$ billion if sea levels rise 100 cm (Pugh, 2004)
$370 million dry land damages
$893 million for wetlands damage
$ billion for coastal stabilization
$ million in transient costs
1500 damaged homes yearly
(McCarthy, 2001)

21. Louisiana’s Wetlands: Functions
Commercial importance
Produces 1/4 of the nation's oil and natural gas
Produces 1/3 of the nation’s fisheries’ landings
Hosts 2nd largest wildlife habitat in the U.S.
Protective importance
Protection against storm surges
Every 3-4 linear miles of healthy wetlands reduces storm surge by 1 foot

22. Long Term
Reduce and compensate for current rate of loss of 75 square kilometers per year
Prepare for sea level rise
Maintain barrier islands
Improve knowledge of ecosystem dynamics and restoration technology

23. Wetlands Problems and Solutions
Draining and Filling
Zoning laws
Canals and Channels
Use fewer canals
Prevent further erosion from canals
Erosion
Barrier Islands
Use of dredged sediments
Revegetation
River diversions

24. Draining and Filling Proposed Legislation:
Prohibit draining and filling of ecologically important wetlands
100 foot buffer between wetlands and developed areas
Best management techniques for drilling and farming

25. Canals Small Scale Canal Impact Canal dredging
Human-altered hydrology and substrate collapse
Large Scale Canal Impact
Deep navigation canals
Pipelines
8,000 miles of pipelines across coastal Louisiana

26. Barrier Islands
Katrina’s destruction of Chandeleur barrier islands (approximately 50% loss)
Present-day: slow rate of recovery
Immediately: dredging
Sand deposits of previous delta lobes (i.e. Ship Shoal)

27. Dredged Sediments-Marsh
Sediment pumped into or placed on shallow water areas
Increases elevation of marshes or creates new marsh
Mixed success
May become more important in the context of increased sea level

28. Revegetation Major plant death Salt water intrusion Lack of nutrients
Stabilization of soil
Species must be well-adapted to predicted conditions
Spartina can tolerate moderate salinity

29. River Distributaries
Dredged sediments and revegetation are inefficient to continue long term
Sediment and nutrient delivery system
Raise elevation
Counteract subsidence
Revive ecosystems to reduce erosion

30. Distributaries Two distributaries
Each divert up to 1/5 of normal river discharge
Floodgate at entry point to control water level
Open wider during floods
Open less during low water
Armored banks

31. Distributaries EAST: Breton Sound WEST: Barataria Bay
Fill in MRGO until Violet Canal
Violet Canal and MRGO form distributary
WEST: Barataria Bay
Wilkinson Canal forms distributary
Establish Barataria Waterway as main canal for Lafayette oil and gas field

32. Cutoff Southern cutoff
2 crevasses between cutoff and Buras – maintain navigation, not flood control
No levees below Buras – navigation channel will not be maintained

33. Entry Point: Buras
Buras to replace Head of Passes as main entry point to deep draft channel
Two navigation canals will allow entry from east and west
Bird-foot delta abandoned; nothing south of Buras unless built on a deepwater platform

34. Problem: Riverbed Rise
Sediment builds up on riverbed because it cannot be distributed on floodplain
Increasing stress on Old River Control Structure
Maintains 70% discharge through current Mississippi River channel
Picture: riverbed elevation

35. Dredging River currently being dredged to maintain navigation channel
Very costly but feasible because of economic importance of river

36. Wing Dams
Wing dams: dikes that extend from a river’s banks while allowing water to flow unhindered through the middle of the channel
Water behind dams will slow and drop sediment, building up sediment behind the dam
River channel will narrow and deepen
Picture: Wing dams (photos)

37. Wing Dams, cont.
Increased current velocity and pressure on bed will increase erosion, promote self-scouring process to bring bed level closer to sea level
River banks must be armored, so that increased erosion occurs on the bottom and not the sides
New river entry point at Buras shortens horizontal distance, allowing erosion to steepen profile
Picture: River distributaries proposal

38. New River Specifications
Below Baton Rouge maintain 500 ft wide main channel, wide enough to accommodate riverboat traffic
Between Port of South Louisiana and Wilkinson Canal maintain 650 ft wide main channel, to accommodate the traffic at Port of New Orleans, especially boats turning around

39. Old River
Erosion of bed closer to sea level will decrease height difference between Atchafalaya and Mississippi beds at Old River, currently ft
Material will be dredged from behind Old River to match changing elevation of Mississippi River bed
Increases capacity and use of existing structure for flood control
Picture: Old River photo, then, after Nick mentions it, switch to Old River diagram

40. Flood Protection System Plans
Filling in the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet
Floodgates and double pumps on the 17th Street, Orleans Avenue, and London Avenue Canal Levees
Levee Reconstruction
Monitoring and Maintenance

41. Filling-In the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet
Storm surge coming up outlet was intensified, causing levees to be breached
Filling-in protects against funnel effect
Commercial/industrial impact

42. Floodgates and Double Pumps
Floodgates stop water from coming into the city through the canals
Gates close when storm surge threatens
Governance by NOAA
Increase and redesign pump system throughout city

43. Levee and Floodwall Reconstruction
Patchwork system
Levees poorly monitored
Subsidence
I-walls protecting Lower Ninth Ward
New Orleans East levees overtopped and eroded
I-walls were not able to handle pressure from storm surges
Scouring and seepage caused some I-walls to fail
Foundations were poor

44. Solutions Rebuild to withstand Category 5 hurricane:
Replace I-walls with T-walls
Selective levee armoring
Rolled clay levees
Replace poor foundations with compacted soil
New levees from Intracoastal Waterway to Jefferson West Levee System

45. Monitoring and Maintenance
Levee Governance Board
Yearly levee inventory
Differential Global Positioning System to monitor subsidence
Role of Army Corps

46. Timeline
Floodwalls and levees raised to approved heights and engineering errors fixed.
Nov 2006
2010
Sept 2007
Temporary floodgates on canals.
220 miles of levee repaired.
Flood Protection System complete.

47. Intermission Introduction Background Solutions:
Environmental and Engineering
Intermission
Social and Political
Conclusion

48. Absorbing the Information
The 100 Year Plan
Environmental and Engineering Issues
Sea level rise and subsidence
Wetlands
Mississippi River
Flood Protection System

49. Solutions: Social and Political
Introduction
Background
Solutions:
Environmental and
Engineering
Intermission
Social and Political
Conclusion
Downsizing/Zoning
Ports/Jobs/Relocation
Social/Cultural
Insurance/Building Codes
Evacuation
Costs
Committee for Continued
Monitoring
OUTLINE TO PRESENTATION INTRO- Debarshi/Bonnie (2) Katrina/geography ? Lisa (8) Intro to environmental issues ? Adam (2) Hypotheticals ?Adam (4) 100 Year Plan (where we?re trying to go with all this) ? Adam (2) SOLUTION (problems are included w/in the solution for each topic) Sea Level Rise ? YeSeul (5) Wetlands ? Anna/ Leigh (5) ? (may go after rivers, tbd) Rivers ? Nick/Emily (12) Levees ? Dan/Shardae (12) INTERMISSION Recap ? Debarshi (2) SOLUTION (cont?d) Neighborhoods/Zoning ? Leigh/Bonnie (10) Ports/Jobs/Relocation ? Aubrey (8) Social/Culture/Team 7 stuff (include recycling and reclamation) ? Polina/Warren (10) Evacuation ? Michael (5) Committee for Continued Monitoring ? (3)- ?? CONLUSION ? Debarshi (2) In social/team 7? Gov housing (with building codes) -> low income Green tech ? 1 sentence -> Education NFIP -> Education/low income/etc

50. Downsizing By District
What Do We Do Now?
Risk of subsidence, sea level rise, increased storm surge
Returned population- 190,000; 43% of the 2004 population of 440,000
Residents rebuilding
Repair Hurricane Protection Systems- $300 million spent by Army Corps of Engineers

51. Lakeview and Gentilly Safe in the short term
Repaired Hurricane Protection Systems:
$170 million spent by Army Corps of Engineers
Plans for another $120 million in future projects
Necessary for general protection of city
Will be zoned over 50 years

52. Criteria for Clearing Neighborhoods
50 Year Zoning Plan
Time
Zoning Law
Immediate
No new house construction
5 years
No household additions
10 years
No immigration
Criteria for Clearing Neighborhoods
Time
Occupancy
Immediate
<5%
30 years
<10%
35 years
<15%
40 years
<20%
45 years
<25%
50 years
All evacuated from selected neighborhoods

53. New Orleans East, Venetian Isles, Village de L’Est
Severe damage and high subsidence rates
Would not be safe if another, similar hurricane hit
Significant additional costs to make these areas safe
$67.5 million spent
$232.5 million planned
Eminent domain, “full and just” compensation

54. Lower Ninth Ward
Considerable damage: 82% of homes had at least $5,200 in damages
Subsidence rate of 5 mm/year
Average elevation 0.9 meters above sea level
Returned population of 5%
Suitable for rebuilding
Remaining districts in Orleans Parish will be preserved

55. Plaquemines 57 % of homes sustained greater than $5200 in damage
13 mm per year subsidence rate
Downriver from Pointe a la Hache immediate evacuation
Between Wilkinson Canal and Pointe a la Hache—50 Year Zoning Plan

56. Other Uses for Land Research Area Wetlands Alternate Energy Sources
Wildlife Reserve

57. Port Functions
Port of South Louisiana will take over many of the roles of the Port of New Orleans
Shift shipping and trading business out while maintaining tourism
Provide monetary incentives for businesses to relocate to Port of South Louisiana

58. Jobs We plan to move businesses to Baton Rouge - Preparing Baton Rouge
- Offering incentives for businesses to relocate
Most jobs still in New Orleans will be related to tourism

59. Relocating People People will relocate
- Zoning and eminent domain in some neighborhoods
- Following the jobs to other cities
Offer support through the Citizens’ Relocation Committee (CRC) and monetary aid

60. Plans for Preservation Programs
Goal: promote cultural awareness
Festivals, museums, libraries, and memorials
Example: New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival
New Orleans History Month
Preserve a city’s culture while moving on to a safer, more efficient municipality in a new location

61. Social Considerations
Completion of clean-up
Reopening of funeral homes
Beautification of cemeteries
Propagation of neighborhood festivals
Hurricane and Flood Memorial

62. Education Vocational training
Non-academic activities for grade school students
Normalize transportation and hours
New curriculum:
Local cultural and political history
Diversity acceptance
Hurricane and flood preparedness
Conservation and environmentally sound living

63. Insurance Policy Louisiana Department of Insurance
clarify insurance ambiguities
expansion of agent-homeowner services
Mandatory National Flood Insurance Program
avoid “natural disaster syndrome”

64. Building Codes and Green Architecture
First Floor Plan
Minimizes flood damage
$5000 contents coverage limit
Wind Damage Recommendations
Protection of building openings
Improved roof-sheathing attachment
Improved roof-wall connections
Secondary waterproofing to roof joints
Green Architecture

65. Government-Subsidized Housing
Single family homes and low-rise apartments
Follow building codes and green architecture guidelines
Integration of mixed income communities

66. Evacuation/Storm Refuge
Evacuation Routes
Major evacuation routes:
I-10 to Baton Rouge/Houston
I-55
I-59 to northern Mississippi
Contraflow changes inbound to outbound

67. Car Access and Remnant Population Problem
Superdome housed 26,000 people
9% of population has no car access
Solution:
Public bus transportation to common evacuation destinations
Set up additional local shelters
Staff and supply Superdome with a maximum capacity

68. Baton Rouge Overpopulation Problem
Baton Rouge's population nearly doubled with incoming evacuees
Solution:
Allow only up to ,000 refugees into city
LSU as temporary shelter
Develop Houston as evacuation destination by designating Astrodome as a shelter and Astrodome/Reliant Center Complex as a health clinic

69. Current Plan: Phase System
Location
Time Before Landfall (hrs.)
Strength of Hurricane 1
South of Intracoastal Waterway 50
Category 1 or higher 2
Between Intracoastal Waterway and Mississippi River 40
Category 2 or higher 3
Between Mississippi River and I-12 30
Slow-moving Category 3 or higher

70. Additions Phase 3 begins contraflow
During Phase 1, begin pre-supplying shelters in New Orleans with food, water, and first-aid kits
Contract private companies to do so and to stock excess emergency supplies such as flashlights and batteries throughout hurricane season.

71. Evacuation Cooperation
20-30% of New Orleans population failed to evacuate
Solution:
Remind public of hurricane dangers; increase evacuation cooperation
Hurricane Awareness Week
Continue to advertise/distribute info pertaining to evacuation routes, home security, bus transport stops

72. Costs of Short-Term Plan
Wetland Restoration
$815,558,000
Levee Repair & Construction
$15,125,000,000
Clean-Up and Recycling
$2,500,000
Acquisition of Land
$6,480,400,000
City Planning and Insurance
$1,401,345
Mississippi River
$248,855,000
TOTAL
$22,672,313,000
+ $500,370 per government subsidized and insured house

73. Costs of Long-Term Plan
Wetland Restoration
$24,435,000,000
Levee Repair & Maintenance
$15,000,000,000
Phasing Out of People and Industry
$40,000,000,000
Mississippi River Monitoring and Maintenance
$3,500,000,000
TOTAL
$82,935,000,000

74. Committee for Continued Monitoring
Experts and professionals from many different fields
Provides flexibility to our proposal
Keeping New Orleans safe in the future

75. Conclusion Introduction Background Solutions:
Environmental and Engineering
Intermission
Social and Political
Conclusion
OUTLINE TO PRESENTATION INTRO- Debarshi/Bonnie (2) Katrina/geography ? Lisa (8) Intro to environmental issues ? Adam (2) Hypotheticals ?Adam (4) 100 Year Plan (where we?re trying to go with all this) ? Adam (2) SOLUTION (problems are included w/in the solution for each topic) Sea Level Rise ? YeSeul (5) Wetlands ? Anna/ Leigh (5) ? (may go after rivers, tbd) Rivers ? Nick/Emily (12) Levees ? Dan/Shardae (12) INTERMISSION Recap ? Debarshi (2) SOLUTION (cont?d) Neighborhoods/Zoning ? Leigh/Bonnie (10) Ports/Jobs/Relocation ? Aubrey (8) Social/Culture/Team 7 stuff (include recycling and reclamation) ? Polina/Warren (10) Evacuation ? Michael (5) Committee for Continued Monitoring ? (3)- ?? CONLUSION ? Debarshi (2) In social/team 7? Gov housing (with building codes) -> low income Green tech ? 1 sentence -> Education NFIP -> Education/low income/etc

76. Conclusion A plan of integration A downsized, sustainable city
A New Orleans for the future

77. Credits
We would like to thank Sam Bowring, Rafael Bras, Ari Epstein, Katrina Cornell, our Undergraduate Teaching Fellows, our Alumni Mentors, Debra Aczel, Maria Shkolnik, Ruth Weinrib, and the librarians.
We would also like to thank the panelists.

78. Mission 2010: New Orleans Intro: Debarshi and Bonnie
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