1. Volume 23, Issue 6, Pages 826-838 (June 2013)
SYK Inhibition Modulates Distinct PI3K/AKT- Dependent Survival Pathways and Cholesterol Biosynthesis in Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphomas 
Linfeng Chen, Stefano Monti, Przemyslaw Juszczynski, Jing Ouyang, Bjoern Chapuy, Donna Neuberg, John G. Doench, Agata M. Bogusz, Thomas M. Habermann, Ahmet Dogan, Thomas E. Witzig, Jeffery L. Kutok, Scott J. Rodig, Todd Golub, Margaret A. Shipp 
Cancer Cell 
Volume 23, Issue 6, Pages (June 2013)
DOI: /j.ccr
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2. Figure 1
Cellular Proliferation of DLBCL Cell Lines following SYK Depletion
(A) The SYK protein level in cell lysates prepared from the indicated cell lines transduced with a negative control (NC) shRNA or the indicated SYK shRNAs was assessed by immunoblotting. β-actin, loading control.
(B) Cellular proliferation of SYK-depleted DLBCL cell lines was measured 72 hr after puromycin selection by MTS assay. The proliferation of SYK-depleted cells is relative to that of NC cells. Error bars represent SD of three independent assays from a representative experiment. The p values for NC versus each SYK shRNA were determined with a one-sided Welch t test. ∗∗∗p ≤ ; ∗∗p ≤
See also Figure S1.
Cancer Cell  , DOI: ( /j.ccr )
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3. Figure 2
SYK- and PI3K-Dependent BCR Signaling in DLBCLs with High Baseline NF-κB
(A) NF-κB (p65) activity was determined in vehicle and R406-treated DLBCL cell lines. Pos. Ctrl., manufacturer’s positive control. BCR-dependent NF-κB-low lines, purple; BCR-dependent NF-κB-high lines, blue; BCR-independent OxPhos lines, green.
(B) GSEA of NF-κB targets was performed in vehicle- versus R406-treated DLBCL cell lines with high-baseline NF-κB activity (HBL-1 and U-2932). The 19K genes in the genome were sorted from highest (left, red) to lowest (right, blue) relative expression in vehicle- versus R406-treated lines (horizontal axis). Note that the positions of the NF-κB targets (set #1, Davis et al., 2010; and set #2, Schreiber et al., 2006) were significantly skewed toward the right end of the sorted list, reflecting their statistically significant downregulation in R406-treated lines.
(C) Relative abundance of NF-κB target genes in vehicle- versus R406-treated DLBCL cell lines with high baseline NF-κB activity was displayed with a colometric scale. NF-κB target genes derived from the GSEA leading edge, set #1 (Davis et al., 2010).
(D) BCL2A1 transcript abundance in DLBCL cell lines treated with vehicle or R406 (24 hr) was determined by qRT-PCR relative to PPIA.
(E) BCL2A1 protein abundance in vehicle- and R406-treated DLBCL cell lines was assessed by immunoblotting. β-actin, loading control.
(F) BCL2A1 transcript abundance in SYK-depleted DLBCL cell lines (72 hr following completion of puromycin selection) was determined by qRT-PCR relative to PPIA.
(G) NF-κB (p65) activity was determined in DLBCL cell lines treated with the PI3K inhibitor LY or vehicle.
(H) BCL2A1 transcript abundance in DLBCL cell lines treated with LY294002, R406, or vehicle (24 hr) was assessed by qRT-PCR relative to PPIA.
In (A), (D), and (F)–(H), p values for control versus treated were determined with a one-sided Welch t test. ∗∗∗p < ; ∗∗p < 0.001; ∗p < Error bars represent the SD of three independent assays in a representative experiment.
See also Figure S2 and Table S1.
Cancer Cell  , DOI: ( /j.ccr )
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4. Figure 3
SYK and PI3K-Dependent Signaling in DLBCLs with Low Baseline NF-κB
(A and B) DHL4, DHL6, and LY7 cell lines were retrovirally transduced with mAKT or pMIG vector, FACS-sorted for GFP expression, treated for 24 hr with R406 or vehicle, then analyzed for p-AKT(S473) and total AKT by immunoblotting (A) and for proliferation (B).
(C) DLBCL cell lines were incubated with R406 or vehicle for 1 hr, BCR cross-linked (BCR) or left untreated, fixed, then stained with DAPI (blue) and with Cy3-conjugated anti-FOXO1 antibody (red) (left). Scale bar represents 10 μm. The mean nuclear staining intensity of Cy3-conjugated-FOXO1 was quantified for each cell and plotted against its mean DAPI staining intensity (right).
(D) The transcript abundance of FOXO1 target genes, p27 and BIM, in DLBCL cell lines treated with R406 or vehicle for 24 hr was assessed by qRT-PCR relative to PPIA. The p values for mAKT versus pMIG (control) at each time point (B) and for vehicle versus R406 (D) were determined with a one-sided Welch t test. ∗∗∗p ≤ ; ∗∗p ≤ Error bars represent the SD of three independent assays in a representative experiment.
See also Figure S3.
Cancer Cell  , DOI: ( /j.ccr )
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5. Figure 4
HRK Induction in DLBCL Cell Lines following SYK or PI3K Inhibition
(A) HRK transcript abundance in DLBCL cell lines following R406 treatment (24 hr) was determined by qRT-PCR.
(B) HRK expression in SYK-depleted DLBCL cell lines was assessed by qRT-PCR.
(C) HRK expression in the indicated cell lines following treatment with R406, LY294002, or vehicle for 24 hr assessed by qRT-PCR.
(D) HRK transcript abundance in DLBCL lines transduced with mAKT or pMIG, FACS-sorted, then treated with R406 or vehicle for 24 hr was analyzed by qRT-PCR.
(E) DHL4 cells stably transduced with the indicated HRK siRNA or negative control siRNA (NC) were treated with R406 or vehicle for 24 hr and analyzed for HRK transcript abundance by qRT-PCR.
(F) Apoptosis of DHL4 cells transduced with HRK siRNA or negative control siRNA (NC) and treated with vehicle or R406 for 72 hr was assessed by Annexin V/PI staining.
(G and H) Viable DLBCL tumor cells isolated from cryopreserved primary patient samples were analyzed for cell surface Ig expression (G) or for HRK and BCL2A1 transcript abundance after treatment with R406 or vehicle for 24 hr by qRT-PCR (H). The p values for vehicle versus R406 (A and H), vehicle versus R406 or LY29004 (C), NC versus shSYK (B), and pMIG +R406 versus mAKT +R406 (D) were determined with a one-sided Welch t test. ∗∗∗p ≤ ; ∗∗p ≤ 0.001; ∗p ≤ Error bars represent the SD of three independent assays in a representative experiment.
See also Figure S4.
Cancer Cell  , DOI: ( /j.ccr )
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6. Figure 5
SYK Expression following Chemical SYK Inhibition and FOXO1 Depletion
(A) SYK transcript abundance in DLBCL cell lines was assessed by qRT-PCR following 24 hr of treatment with R406 or vehicle.
(B) SYK transcript abundance in DLBCL cell lines treated with R406 or vehicle for 24 hr following transduction with indicated shRNA was analyzed by qRT-PCR. The p values for vehicle versus R406 were determined with a one-sided Welch t test. ∗∗∗p ≤ ; ∗∗p ≤ 0.001; ∗p ≤ 0.01, #, p ≤ Error bars represent the SD of three independent assays in a representative experiment.
See also Figure S5.
Cancer Cell  , DOI: ( /j.ccr )
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7. Figure 6
Cholesterol Biosynthesis in DLBCLs following SYK or PI3K Inhibition
(A) Components of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway modulated by R406 treatment (red) were identified by pathway analyses of the profiled cell lines.
(B) HMGCS1 protein abundance in R406- or vehicle-treated DLBCL cell lines was assessed by immunoblotting. β-actin, loading control.
(C) HMGCS1 transcript abundance in DLBCL cell lines transduced with indicated shRNA was assessed by qRT-PCR. The p values for NC versus shSYK were determined with a one-sided Welch t test. ∗∗∗p ≤ ; ∗p ≤ 0.01; #, p ≤ Error bars represent the SD of three independent assays in a representative experiment.
(D) HMGCS1 protein abundance in DHL4 following treatment with R406 or LY was assessed by immunoblotting. β-actin, loading control.
(E) HMGCS1 and p-AKT(S473) in parental DHL4 cells and DHL4 cells transduced with mAKT or pMIG and treated with R406 was determined by immunoblotting. β-actin, loading control.
(F) Membrane cholesterol content in DLBCL cell lines treated with vehicle (black) or R406 (red) for 2 days and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde was assessed by filipin flow cytometry. Unstained controls in gray. (G) DHL4 and LY7 cells were incubated with vehicle or R406 for 48 hr and left untreated (−BCR) or stimulated with anti-Ig for 10 min (+BCR). The cells were fixed, stained with filipin (green) and the indicated Cy3-conjugated anti-Ig (red), and assessed with confocal microscopy. Scale bar represents 25 μm.
See also Figure S6.
Cancer Cell  , DOI: ( /j.ccr )
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8. Figure 7 SYK and PTEN Copy Number Alterations in Primary DLBCLs
(A) SYK and PTEN copy numbers were assessed and associated with SYK and PTEN transcript levels in primary DLBCLs (n = 169). SYK and PTEN copy numbers and transcript abundance were derived from (Monti et al., 2012). The p values were determined with a one-sided t test. Box plot (median, line; 25% and 75% quartile, box; whiskers, maximum to minimum).
(B) Relative frequency of SYKAMP and PTENDEL was assessed in transcriptionally defined “BCR” type versus other primary DLBCLs (n = 147; tumors with high confidence classification into CCC categories) (Monti et al., 2012). The p values were determined with a two-sided Fisher exact test.
See also Figure S7 and Table S2.
Cancer Cell  , DOI: ( /j.ccr )
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9. Figure 8 SYK and PI3K-Dependent Viability Pathways in DLBCLs
(A) SYK- and PI3K-dependent anti-apoptotic pathways in BCR-dependent DLBCLs. In BCR-dependent DLBCLs with low-baseline NF-κB activity, SYK or PI3K inhibition relieve BCR-dependent repression of the pro-apoptotic BH3 molecule, HRK. In BCR-dependent DLBCLs with high-baseline NF-κB activity, SYK or PI3K inhibition decreases the abundance of the anti-apoptotic NF-κB targets such as BCL2A1.
(B) SYK- and PI3K-dependent regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis and associated integrity of BCRs in lipid rafts in BCR-dependent DLBCLs.
Cancer Cell  , DOI: ( /j.ccr )
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