1. Section 1: What factors affect price?
Essential Question
Ch 6: What is the right price?
Section 1: What factors affect price?

2. Objectives
Explain how supply and demand create equilibrium in the marketplace.
Describe what happens to price and quantity when in disequilibrium.
Identify two ways that the government intervenes in markets to control prices.
Analyze the impact of price ceilings and price floors on a free market.

3. Introduction What factors affect price? Law of demand. (households)
Law of supply (firms)
They are also affected by actions of the government.
Often times the government will intervene to set a minimum or maximum price for a good or service.
We will study rent control and minimum wage

4. Market Equilibrium: Where Supply Meets Demand
Assumptions
Consumers maximize utility
Law of Demand: Demand goes up as price goes down
Firms maximize profit
Law of Supply: Supply goes up as price goes up
Notation
S1 = Original Market Supply Curve
D1 = Original Market Demand Curve
P* = Equilibrium Price
Q* = Equilibrium Output
P1 = Price if different from equilibrium price
Q1 = Quantity if different from equilibrium quantity
Answer: 200

5. Market Equilibrium: Where Supply Meets Demand
We are focusing on the the market are many buyers and seller
Equilibrium is where things are balanced: S = D
In order to find the equilibrium price and quantity, you can use supply and demand schedules.
When a market is at equilibrium, both buyers and sellers benefit. The market is stable.
Answer: 200

6. Market Equilibrium: Where Supply Meets Demand
Answer: 200

7. Market Equilibrium: Where Supply Meets Demand (p135)
How many slices are sold at equilibrium?
What is the price?
How many firms are in this market?
What is profit?

8. Disequilibrium: Shortage and Surplus (p.136)
Checkpoint: What might cause a pizzeria owner to throw out many pizza slices at the end of the day?
If the market price or quantity is anywhere but at equilibrium, the market is said to be at disequilibrium.
Disequilibrium can produce two possible outcomes:
Shortage—A shortage causes prices to rise as the demand for a good is greater than the supply of that good.
Surplus—A surplus causes a drop in prices as the supply for a good is greater than the demand for that good.
Checkpoint Answer: A surplus

9. Disequilibrium: Shortage and Surplus (p.136)
Shortage and surplus are both examples of disequilibrium
How much is the shortage when pizza is sold at $2.00 per slice?
What will Gigio’s do in response to the shortage (line out the door)?
Based on the second graph, how might the pizzeria solve the problem of excess supply?
Answers: The shortage is 100 slices of pizza.

10. The Pull Back to Equilibrium
When a market is in disequilibrium, there are either shortages or surpluses
The market will eventually move back toward equilibrium.
Shortages cause a firm to raise its prices.
Higher prices cause the quantity supplied to rise and the quantity demanded to fall until the two values are equal again.
Surpluses cause a firm to drop its prices.
Lower prices cause the quantity supplied to fall and the quantity demanded to rise until equilibrium is restored.

11. Government Intervention: Intentional Disequilibrium
Markets drift toward equilibrium on their own
Sometimes the government intervenes and sets market prices.
Two ways the government controls prices:
Price Ceilings / Rent Control
Price Floors / Minimum Wage

12. Price Ceilings: Rent Control
In price ceilings, the government caps or limits the price that can be charged for a good/service
Rent Control
Sets a price ceiling on apartment rent
Prevents inflation during housing crises
Helps the poor cut their housing costs
Can lead to poorly managed buildings because landlords cannot afford the upkeep.
Can lead to shortage of housing

13. The Effects of Rent Control (p.138)

14. Price Floors: Minimum Wage
In price floors, the government sets a floor or a minimum price that must be charged for a good/service (including the factors of production)
Minimum Wage
Sets a price floor on the price for labor (wages)
Affects both supply and demand for labor
Helps people in low-income jobs earn a higher wage
Can lead to shortage of jobs available
Can lead employers to substitute capital for labor

15. The Effects of Minimum Wage (p.139)
At what wage is the labor market at equilibrium?
How many workers are hired at equilibrium?
What is the minimum wage?
Is it a price ceiling or floor?
How much higher than equilibrium price do workers get paid?
How many less workers are demanded at minimum wage level?
Answer: $6.60.

16. Key Terms market: exchange between firms/sellers and households/buyers
market equilibrium: the point at which the demand for a product or service is equal to the supply of that product or service
disequilibrium: any price or quantity not at equilibrium
shortage: when quantity demanded is more than quantity supplied
surplus: when quantity supplied is more than quantity demanded

17. Key Terms, cont.
price ceiling: a maximum price that can legally be charged for a good or service
rent control: a price ceiling placed on apartment rent
price floor: a minimum price for a good or service
minimum wage: a minimum price that an employer can pay a worker for one hour of labor