1. Forward and Future Contracts
Financial Derivative
Forward and Future Contracts

2. Forward Contract
In a forward contract, the purchaser and its counterparty are obligated to trade a security or other asset at a specified date in the future .
Options ate traded on OTC

3. How is the exchange rate for a Forward Contract determined?
A forward rate is calculated by looking at the interest rate difference between the two currencies involved.
In the forward market, the currency of a country with lower interest rates than our currency will trade at a "premium". The currency of a country with higher rates than ours will trade at a "discount".

4. Example
if a client is buying a 30 day US dollar forward contract, the difference between the spot rate and the forward rate is calculated as follows:
Assume
The interest rate earned on US$ is less than the interest rate earned on CAD$.

5. if Calforex sells $100,000USD transaction the spot market was 1
if Calforex sells $100,000USD transaction the spot market was 1.52 and the interest rate differential was 1%, the 30 day forward contract rate would be calculated as follows:
$100,000USD x = $152,000 CAD $152,000CAD x 1% divided by 12 months = $ $152,000CAD + $ = $152,126.67CAD $152,126.67CAD/$100,000USD =
Therefore, in this example the forward rate would be 12 points higher than the spot rate on a thirty-day contract.

6. How The forward contract works
An example a farmer is about to plant his summer crop of wheat, and estimates it will cost $3.00 per bushel to grow the wheat. The farmer expects that the crop will yield one hundred thousand bushels at harvest time. The farmer enters into a forward contract with a buyer of the wheat crop who has a use for the crop, to sell the anticipated one hundred thousand bushels of wheat at predetermined price and date.

7. The Advantage/Disadvantage of A forward Contract
Both parties have limited their risk
Disadvantage
You must make or take delivery of the commodity and settle on the deliver date and honor the contract as agreed upon
 The buyer and seller are dependent upon each other.
In a forward contract, any profits or losses are not realized until the contract "comes due" on the predetermined date.

8. Future Contract
A future is a standardized derivative contract between two parties: a buyer and a seller.
Being a standardized contract means that the buyer and seller do not contract directly with each other.  Instead, they contract with the intermediary known as the clearinghouse.  The clearinghouse protects their potential liability by requiring that margin be deposited and all positions are marked-to-market on at least a daily basis. 

9. Marking-to-market Clearing House
The installment method used with futures is called “marking-to-the-market”.
Clearing House
Act as a third party-go-between on all buys and sells

10. Margin
With a hedging strategy, must establish and maintain a margin account (performance bond) with broker as insurance against defaulting on any loss. .
Initial margin: Initial deposit of funds required to be deposited.
Amount required in this account varies from broker to broker
   

11. Minimum margin requirements for a particular futures contract at a particular time are set by the exchange on which the contract is traded. They are typically five to 10 percent of the value of the futures contract
Margin calls may bring the value of your margin account to original initial margin level. Small loss allowed before margin calls.
Maintenance margin is the loss level which initiates a margin call..

12. Note that once a trader recieves a margin call, he must meet that call, even if the price has subsequently moved in his favor.
If no money is deposited on the day of the margin call or early the next morning, the commodity broker will automatically make an offset trade to terminate the client’s futures position. Brokers will offset, in this case, to protect the brokerage house.

13. Example:Marking to the market
Buy 2 March S&P 500 = 2*250*$1000=250000
Initial margin = 25000
Maintainance margin = 20000

14. D
Futures
Price $
Action
Cash Flow $
D/W $
Account
Equity $
Buy contract
25000 1
Seller pays buyer
2500
27000 2
5000
1000
31500 3
995.00
Buyer pays seller
-10000
21500 4
985.00
-5000
8500 5
990.00
27500

15. Contract obligation:Delivery or Offset
A holder of a future contracts has 2 choices of how to deal with the legal obligations before the last trading day of the delivery month
1. Delivering or taking delivery
2. Offset

16. Forward vs. Futures Contracts
Rules
Organized market place / OTC
Standardized trading
Guaranteed settlement
Margin and Daily settlement
Liquidity