1. R1.3 RESP1.3 RESPONSE OF CIVIL ENGIONEEONSE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECT 1.3 RESPONSE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECT 1.3 RESPONSE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECT STEEL PREPARED BY : NOR AZAH BINTI AZIZ PREPARED BY : NOR AZAH BINTI AZIZ

2. Learning Outcomes: Identify and describe material response of modes primary failure due to: B)Steel i. Structure failure Buckling Bearing Tensile ii. Performance failure Corrosion Fatigue

3. STEEL Its included in the term ferrous metal Its a combination of iron & carbon( 0.01 – 1%) Contains varying amounts of manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon & 20 other alloys Alloys added to produce steel of different characteristics. To produce useful steel, pig iron need to be oxidized in another furnace at about 1650°C.

4. Most steel is made by the basic oxygen process, electric-arc process, open-hearth process or vacuum process. Carbon is the key element in controlling the properties of ordinary steel called carbon steel. STEEL

5. 5 There are 2 main groups; 1. Mild Steel Tensile strength 250 N/mm2 used in steel work construction 2.High Strength Steel Tensile Strength 460 N/mm2 Used in pre-stressed concrete work, cable for suspension bridge n high tensile bolts. Notes: Applying for reinforcement in concrete structures and steel structures (civil and infrastructure) STEEL

7. Steel Structure Failure Buckling Tensile Bearing Buckling Tensile Bearing

8. Buckling In engineering, buckling is a failure mode characterized by a sudden failure of a structural member subjected to high compressive stresses. The actual compressive stress at the point of failure is less than the ultimate compressive stresses that the material is capable of withstanding.

9. This mode of failure is also described as failure due to elastic instability. Mathematical analysis of buckling makes use of an axial load eccentricity that introduces a moment, which does not form part of the primary forces to which the member is subjected. Buckling

10. Column Buckling Column

11. Buckling (steel plate) BeforeAfter

12. Tensile (or tension) is the stress state leading to expansion; that is, the length of a material or compression member tends to increase in the tensile direction. Tensile stress is the opposite ofcompressive stress. Structural members in direct tension are ropes, soil anchors and nails, bolts, etc. Tensile (or tension) is the stress state leading to expansion; that is, the length of a material or compression member tends to increase in the tensile direction. Tensile stress is the opposite ofcompressive stress. Structural members in direct tension are ropes, soil anchors and nails, bolts, etc. Tensile

13. A tensile test, also known as tension test.tensile test By pulling on something, you will very quickly determine how the material will react to forces being applied in tension. As the material is being pulled, you will find its strength along with how much it will elongate. A tensile test, also known as tension test.tensile test By pulling on something, you will very quickly determine how the material will react to forces being applied in tension. As the material is being pulled, you will find its strength along with how much it will elongate. What is tensile Test

14. As continuing to pull on the material until it breaks, complete tensile profile will be obtained. A curve will result showing how it reacted to the forces being applied. The point of failure is of much interest and is typically called its "Ultimate StrengthUltimate Strength or UTS on the chart. Why Perform a Tensile Test

16. BEARING STRESS is The surface pressure acting on a joint face directly as a result of the force applied by a fastener. Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the separate bodies. It differs from compressive stress, as it is an internal stress caused by compressive forces BEARING STRESS is The surface pressure acting on a joint face directly as a result of the force applied by a fastener. Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the separate bodies. It differs from compressive stress, as it is an internal stress caused by compressive forces Bearing Stress

17. The equation to determine average bearing stress would be sigma b = P/A P= force applied A= contact area of the object resisting the force. SI unit is Newton/meter 2 which equates to Pascals (Pa). Bearing Stress

18. Bearing properties are used when designing mechanically fastened joints. The purpose of a bearing test is to determine the deformation of a hole as a function of the applied bearing stress. Bearing properties are used when designing mechanically fastened joints. The purpose of a bearing test is to determine the deformation of a hole as a function of the applied bearing stress. Bearing Properties

19. Steel Performance Failure Corrosion Fatigue Corrosion Fatigue

20. Corrosion is oxidation or combining of the iron with oxygen that occurs in the presence of moisture. Proceeds more rapidly where there is noticeable dampness but it occurs in any air with a relative humidity higher than 70%. Corrosion

21. Corrosion occurs more rapidly in salt air and industrial atmosphere. The rust is formed from the solid metal, reducing it size so that the members become weaker and loses any decorative finishes it might have. Corrosion occurs more rapidly in salt air and industrial atmosphere. The rust is formed from the solid metal, reducing it size so that the members become weaker and loses any decorative finishes it might have. Corrosion

22. A metal component @ structure that is subjected to repeated or cyclic stresses may eventually fail, even though the maximum stress in any one stress cycle is considerably less than the fracture stress of the material. A metal component @ structure that is subjected to repeated or cyclic stresses may eventually fail, even though the maximum stress in any one stress cycle is considerably less than the fracture stress of the material. Fatigue

23. A common occurrence, as components are subject to alternating @ fluctuating loads during their service life. Fatigue