1. Chapter 10: Land, Public and Private
Chapter 8: Soil

2. Julia Butterfly
Answer the following questions (in your journals) by reading the article about  Julia Butterfly on page 261:
1. What is the difference between clear-cutting and selective-cutting?
2. What happened when Maxxam clearcut redwood forests?
3. How can a “tree sit” prevent widespread deforestation?
4. What did Maxxam ultimately resolve to do?
5. Do citizens of the United States have the right to influence what activities occur on private lands? What if the land is public? 
6. Was Julia Butterfly Hill a hero or a villain? 

3. Public Lands
National Parks- managed for scientific, educational, and recreational use, and sometimes for their beauty or unique landforms.
Managed Resource Protected Areas- managed for the sustained use of biological, mineral, and recreational resources.
Habitat/Species Management Areas- actively managed to maintain biological communities.
Strict Nature Reserves and Wilderness Areas- established to protect species and ecosystems.
Protected Landscapes and Seascapes- nondestructive use of natural resources while allowing for tourism and recreation.
National Monuments- set aside to protect unique sites of special natural or cultural interests.

4. Public Lands

5. Rangelands
Dry, open grasslands that are primarily used for cattle grazing. (compare to CAFOs ~ FOOD, Inc.)

6. Forests
Areas dominated by trees and other woody vegetation.

7. Timber Harvest Practices
Clear-cutting- removing all, or almost all the trees in an area.
Selective cutting- removing single trees or relatively small numbers of trees from a forest.

8. Fire Management
prescribed burns- a fire is deliberately set under controlled conditions.

9. Forests
National Parks- established to preserve scenic views and unusual landforms.
National wildlife refuges- managed for the purpose of protecting wildlife
National wilderness areas- set aside to preserve large tracts of intact ecosystems or landscapes.

10. Federal Regulations
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)- mandates an environmental assessment of all projects involving federal money or permits.
1969 requires all agencies responsible for a major federal project to file an environmental impact statement-The best way the protect endangered and threatened species is by protecting the habitat.
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)- outlines the scope and purpose of the project.
Environmental mitigation plan- outlines how the developer will address concerns raised by the projects impact on the environment.

11. Erosion
Erosion: the physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem. Wind, water, ice transport and living organisms can erode materials.
Deposition: the accumulation or depositing of eroded material such as sediment, rock fragments or soil.

12. Soil Soil is important because it Is a medium for plant growth
Breaks down organic material and recycles nutrients
Serves as a filter for water and removes pollutants
A habitat for living organisms

13. The Formation of Soil Factors that determine the formation of soil:
Parent material- what the soil is made from influences soil formation
Climate- what type of climate influences soil formation
Topography- the surface and slope can influence soil formation
Organisms- plants and animals can have an effect on soil formation
Time- the amount of time a soil has spent developing can determine soil properties.

14. The Formation of Soil
Parent Material- the rock material from which soil is derived.

15. As soils form, they develop characteristics layers.
Soil Horizons
As soils form, they develop characteristics layers.
O horizon- (organic layer) composed of the leaves, needles, twigs and animal bodies on the surface.
A horizon- (topsoil) the zone of organic material and minerals mixed together.
B horizon- (subsoil) composed primarily of mineral material with very little organic matter
C horizon- (parent material) the least weathered horizon and is similar to the parent material.

16. Same information as last slide, but a more detailed look…
Soil Horizons
Same information as last slide, but a more detailed look…

17. Soil Horizons O Horizon
Humus- dark, soft, spongy residue of organic matter as a result of decomposition of organic matter such as leaves and dead wood
1۫ source of nutrients in soil systems

18. A Horizon Soil Horizons
Top soil-mixture of humus and leachable mineral soil
Thin roots extend into this layer

19. E Horizon Soil Horizons Eluviation process of leaching
Minerals are “leached into this layer from H2O movement downward

20. B Horizon Soil Horizons Subsoil
Often high in iron, aluminum, and calcium
Often high in clay content

21. C Horizon Soil Horizons Weathered parent material
Glacial deposits, volcanic ash
Reveals history of the land
C Horizon

22. Classes of Soil
Mollisols- very fertile, dark, found in temperate grasslands, best agricultural soil, Deep A horizon
Oxisols- soil of tropical and subtropical rainforest layer of iron and Al oxides in B horizon, little O horizon
Alfisols- weathered forest soil, not deep, but developed OAE+B typical of most temperate forest biome. Need fertilizer for agriculture
Aridsols- dry lands + desert, lack of vegetation, lack of rain  unstructured vertically, irrigation leads to salinization b/c of high evaporation.

23. Physical Properties of Soil
Texture: the percentage of sand, silt and clay the soil contains.

24. Loam is theoretically the ideal soil 40% sand 40% silt 20% clay

25. Physical Properties of Soil
Porosity- how quickly the soil drains (which depends on its texture)

26. Chemical Properties of Soil
Cation exchange capacity- the ability of a soil to adsorb and release cations, positively charged mineral ions.
Soil bases- calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium
Soil Acids- aluminum and hydrogen
Base saturation- the proportion of soil bases to soil acids

27. Biological Properties of Soil
Many organisms are found in the soil including fungi, bacteria, protozoans, rodents and earthworms. 27

28. Microbes in Topsoil Bacteria
A teaspoon of topsoil can contain 100,000 to 1 million bacteria.
Rhizobia is quite common; it aids in a plant's uptake of nitrogen, and is particularly helpful for vegetable and legume plants.
Bacteria are helpful in many other areas, such as decomposing soil materials, improving soil structure and degrading any topsoil pollutants.
Microbes in Topsoil | eHow

29. Microbes in Topsoil Fungi
Fungi can be either beneficial or harmful to soil.
The number of fungi in 1g of soil can range from 100,000 to 1 million.
Beneficial fungi, such as mycorrhizae, improves plant health by forming a helpful relationship with plant roots.
Harmful fungi such as verticillium, pythium and rhizoctonia may do the opposite and destroy plant roots.
Microbes in Topsoil | eHow

30. Microbes in Topsoil Protozoa
Protozoa are larger than bacteria, and feed on fungi, bacteria and other protozoa.
The three types of protozoa are ciliates, amoebae and flagellates.
Protozoa thrive in moisture, and tend to live near plant roots. They are responsible for increasing soil nutrients and regulating the number of bacteria in soil.
Microbes in Topsoil | eHow

31. Acts & Laws Public Policy and Soil
Low Input sustainable Agriculture (LISA)
-started by US Defense of Agriculture in 1988
Conservation Reserve Program- 1985
Food Security Act of 1985
Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform (FAIR) 1996
Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQUIP)
*Agriculture & Farming Research Initiative (AFRI)