1. Scientific and Ethical Aspects of Beauty and Modifying Appearance Bernadette Moreno, Sundeep Srivastava and Sarah Wolf

2. Introduction Cosmetic surgery or procedure including dental Cosmetic surgery or procedure including dental Diet pills or other supplements Diet pills or other supplements Hair products or make-up Hair products or make-up Reasons why? Reasons why?

3. Science and Technology

4. Plastic Surgery Rhinoplasty Rhinoplasty Breast Augmentation Breast Augmentation Liposuction Liposuction Chin and Cheek Implants Chin and Cheek Implants Blepharoplasty Blepharoplasty Brow Lift Brow Lift Abdominoplasty Abdominoplasty Etc. Etc.

5. Rhinoplasty One of the most common cosmetic surgery procedures One of the most common cosmetic surgery procedures Reduce or increase nose size, change shape of tip or bridge, nostril size, angle between nose and lip, or correct breathing problems Reduce or increase nose size, change shape of tip or bridge, nostril size, angle between nose and lip, or correct breathing problems Cost: $5,700 Cost: $5,700 Modern Rhinoplasty Techniques and Facial Plastic Surgery 22 March 2006.

6. Breast Augmentation Enhances the size of the breasts using inflatable saline or silicone implants Enhances the size of the breasts using inflatable saline or silicone implants Implants placed behind breast or pectoral muscle tissue Implants placed behind breast or pectoral muscle tissue Cost: $5,850 (saline) $7,050 (silicone) Cost: $5,850 (saline) $7,050 (silicone) Breast Augmentation Surgery in Los Angeles Personal Image Center 22 March 2006.

7. Breast Augmentation Side Effects Side Effects Temporary soreness, swelling, change in nipple sensation, bruising, breast sensitivity to stimulation; lasting up to a few weeks Temporary soreness, swelling, change in nipple sensation, bruising, breast sensitivity to stimulation; lasting up to a few weeks Scarring lasts from several months to a year or more Scarring lasts from several months to a year or more Risks Risks Implants may need removal or replacement for problems such as deflation or the formation of scar tissue around the implant Implants may need removal or replacement for problems such as deflation or the formation of scar tissue around the implant

8. Liposuction Sculpts the body by removing unwanted fat Sculpts the body by removing unwanted fat Typically removed from abdomen, hips, buttocks, thighs, knees, upper arms, chin, cheeks and neck Typically removed from abdomen, hips, buttocks, thighs, knees, upper arms, chin, cheeks and neck Narrow tube inserted through tiny incision and suctioning out fat cells Narrow tube inserted through tiny incision and suctioning out fat cells Cost: $9,900 Cost: $9,900 Lipoplasty/Liposuction American Society of Plastic Surgeons 22 March 2006.

9. Facial Implants Used to improve facial contours Used to improve facial contours Implants made from different materials including silicone Implants made from different materials including silicone Implant inserted into small incision; often performed in conjunction with other facial surgery, i.e. face lift Implant inserted into small incision; often performed in conjunction with other facial surgery, i.e. face lift Incision taped to reduce swelling and discomfort Incision taped to reduce swelling and discomfort Cost: $3,000-$5,000 Cost: $3,000-$5,000 Facial Implants American Society of Plastic Surgeons 22 March 2006.

10. Blepharoplasty and The Brow Lift Blepharoplasty: the removal of fat, excess skin and muscle from upper and lower eyelids Blepharoplasty: the removal of fat, excess skin and muscle from upper and lower eyelids Does not remove crows feet, wrinkles or dark circles Does not remove crows feet, wrinkles or dark circles Brow/Forehead Lift: corrects drooping brows and smoothes forehead Brow/Forehead Lift: corrects drooping brows and smoothes forehead Cost: $5,000 Cost: $5,000 Left: Blepharoplasty and Right: Brow Lift American Society of Plastic Surgeons 22 March 2006.

11. Abdominoplasty Removes excess skin and fat from middle and lower abdomen Removes excess skin and fat from middle and lower abdomen Long incision from hipbone to hipbone above pubic area Long incision from hipbone to hipbone above pubic area Skin separated from abdominal wall and muscles stitched into new position Skin separated from abdominal wall and muscles stitched into new position Extra skin removed and new hole cut for navel Extra skin removed and new hole cut for navel Cost: $6,500 Cost: $6,500 Abdominoplasty American Society of Plastic Surgeons 22 March 2006.

12. Plastic Surgery and Recovery Scars may be pink for up to six months after surgery Scars may be pink for up to six months after surgery Risk of post-operative infections and blood clots Risk of post-operative infections and blood clots Fluid loss Fluid loss Nerve damage Nerve damage

13. Microdermabrasion Sandblaster-like device used to spray high pressure stream of aluminum oxide or salt crystals across face and suction used to remove dead outer layer of skin. Sandblaster-like device used to spray high pressure stream of aluminum oxide or salt crystals across face and suction used to remove dead outer layer of skin. Stimulates skin cell and collagen production. Stimulates skin cell and collagen production. Microdermabrasion Skinet. 22 March 2006.

14. Microdermabrasion Affects only outer layer of skin Affects only outer layer of skin Used to reduce fine lines, crows feet, age spots, acne scars Used to reduce fine lines, crows feet, age spots, acne scars Effective for all skin types Effective for all skin types Lunch hour procedure Lunch hour procedure Multiple treatments required for visible results Multiple treatments required for visible results 5 to 12 treatments 2 to 3 weeks apart 5 to 12 treatments 2 to 3 weeks apart

15. Microdermabrasion Few complications Few complications Treatment extends only to outermost layer of skin and so scarring is unlikely and recovery is rapid. Treatment extends only to outermost layer of skin and so scarring is unlikely and recovery is rapid. Use of eye protection during procedure prevents ocular complications such as redness, sensitivity to light, and crystals adhering to the cornea typical of early microdermabrasion treatments. Use of eye protection during procedure prevents ocular complications such as redness, sensitivity to light, and crystals adhering to the cornea typical of early microdermabrasion treatments.

16. Chemical Peel Uses a solution of phenol (deep peel), trichloroacetic acid (medium depth peel) and alphahydroxy acids (light peel) to remove damaged outer layers of skin Uses a solution of phenol (deep peel), trichloroacetic acid (medium depth peel) and alphahydroxy acids (light peel) to remove damaged outer layers of skin Wrinkles, blemishes, uneven pigmentation or sun damage Wrinkles, blemishes, uneven pigmentation or sun damage Chemical Peels BGPMA Department of Aesthetic Medicine 22 March 2006.

17. Chemical Peel Side Effects Side Effects Temporary throbbing, tingling, swelling, redness, sensitivity to sun, whiteheads Temporary throbbing, tingling, swelling, redness, sensitivity to sun, whiteheads With Phenol peel: permanent lightening of skin and loss of ability to tan With Phenol peel: permanent lightening of skin and loss of ability to tan Risks Risks Infection, scarring, flare-up of skin allergies, fever blisters, cold sores Infection, scarring, flare-up of skin allergies, fever blisters, cold sores In rare cases, heart irregularities with phenol peel In rare cases, heart irregularities with phenol peel New wrinkles may form as skin ages New wrinkles may form as skin ages

18. Collagen Injections Plump creased, furrowed or sunken facial skin Plump creased, furrowed or sunken facial skin Add fullness to lips and backs of hands Add fullness to lips and backs of hands Risks and Side effects: Risks and Side effects: Stinging, throbbing, burning sensation, redness, swelling, excess fullness, allergic reaction, rash, hives, flu-like symptoms, infection, connective tissue or autoimmune diseases Stinging, throbbing, burning sensation, redness, swelling, excess fullness, allergic reaction, rash, hives, flu-like symptoms, infection, connective tissue or autoimmune diseases

19. Botox Botulinum toxin is a product of the bacteria Clostridium Botulinum Botulinum toxin is a product of the bacteria Clostridium Botulinum Wrinkles caused when a muscle tightens. Wrinkles caused when a muscle tightens. Botox is injected through the skin into the muscle and keeps the muscle from tightening; when the muscle can't tighten, the wrinkle is less prominent Botox is injected through the skin into the muscle and keeps the muscle from tightening; when the muscle can't tighten, the wrinkle is less prominent Effective for about 4 months, after which wrinkles may reappear Effective for about 4 months, after which wrinkles may reappear

20. Botox Side effects Side effects Droopy eyelids, flu-like symptoms, headache, upset stomach, risk of botulism (a potentially fatal disease which often results in difficulty moving the arms and legs and difficulty breathing – risk is low if Botox is used properly) Droopy eyelids, flu-like symptoms, headache, upset stomach, risk of botulism (a potentially fatal disease which often results in difficulty moving the arms and legs and difficulty breathing – risk is low if Botox is used properly)

21. Obesity Review 300,000 to 400,000 obesity/overweight related deaths per year and climbing 300,000 to 400,000 obesity/overweight related deaths per year and climbing

22. Gastric Bypass Performed when patient has BMI >40 or a life-threatening, weight-related condition and other weight loss treatments are unsuccessful Performed when patient has BMI >40 or a life-threatening, weight-related condition and other weight loss treatments are unsuccessful Makes stomach smaller and allows food to bypass part of the small intestine Makes stomach smaller and allows food to bypass part of the small intestine Fewer calories are absorbed resulting in weight loss Fewer calories are absorbed resulting in weight loss

23. Gastric Bypass Regular Digestion: Regular Digestion: Gastric Bypass: Gastric Bypass:

24. Laser Eye Surgery LASIK: Laser Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis LASIK: Laser Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis Reduce or eliminate dependency on contacts or glasses Reduce or eliminate dependency on contacts or glasses Not strictly considered cosmetic, but still an elective procedure Not strictly considered cosmetic, but still an elective procedure

25. LASIK Procedure 1. Anesthetic eye drops to numb eye 2. Suction ring applied to hold eye steady 3. Corneal flap-outermost 20% of cornea-raised and lifted to side 4. UV light and high-energy pulses reshape internal cornea 5. Flap returned to original position and observed for 3-5 minutes to ensure cornea bonds correctly

26. After LASIK Burning, itching, discomfort, watery eyes, blurred vision, sensitivity to light and bloodshot appearance immediately afterward Burning, itching, discomfort, watery eyes, blurred vision, sensitivity to light and bloodshot appearance immediately afterward 3 to 6 months for vision to stabilize 3 to 6 months for vision to stabilize Glare, haloes, difficulty driving at night Glare, haloes, difficulty driving at night Further correction may be necessary Further correction may be necessary

27. Cosmetic Dentistry Whiten teeth Whiten teeth Correct gum line Correct gum line Seal gaps Seal gaps Fix chips or cracks Fix chips or cracks Correct rotations Correct rotations Replace worn down or discolored teeth Replace worn down or discolored teeth

28. Cosmetic Dentistry blends function with beauty by combining tooth reconstruction and plastic surgery procedures on the mouth tissues (gums, jawbones, facial muscles, lips, and skin) to result in a better-looking smile blends function with beauty by combining tooth reconstruction and plastic surgery procedures on the mouth tissues (gums, jawbones, facial muscles, lips, and skin) to result in a better-looking smile BeforeAfter

29. Cosmetic Dentistry Crowns: artificial coverings for teeth made from ceramic/porcelain metal composite, gold, or a tin/aluminum mixture Crowns: artificial coverings for teeth made from ceramic/porcelain metal composite, gold, or a tin/aluminum mixture Veneers: similar to crowns except they cover the forward part of the tooth only and are used exclusively for aesthetic purposes Veneers: similar to crowns except they cover the forward part of the tooth only and are used exclusively for aesthetic purposes

30. Cosmetic Dental Costs Orthodontics: $5,000 to $8,000 Orthodontics: $5,000 to $8,000 Crowns: $700 to $1,300 Crowns: $700 to $1,300 Whitening: $300 to $520 Whitening: $300 to $520 Veneers: $250 to $2,500 per tooth Veneers: $250 to $2,500 per tooth

31. Hair Removal Many cultures have an aesthetic "ideal" amount of hair for males and females. For some of us, unwanted hair that exceeds this arbitrary standard can cause real or perceived problems with social acceptance. Many cultures have an aesthetic "ideal" amount of hair for males and females. For some of us, unwanted hair that exceeds this arbitrary standard can cause real or perceived problems with social acceptance.

32. Hair Removal Methods Depilation (removing part of the hair above the skin's surface) Depilation (removing part of the hair above the skin's surface) Shaving or trimming Shaving or trimming Depilatories (creams or shaving powders which chemically dissolve hair) Depilatories (creams or shaving powders which chemically dissolve hair) Friction (rough surfaces used to buff away hair) Friction (rough surfaces used to buff away hair) Epilation (removing the entire hair) Epilation (removing the entire hair) Tweezing Tweezing Waxing Waxing Sugaring (similar to waxing but with a sticky paste) Sugaring (similar to waxing but with a sticky paste) Threading (twisted thread catches hairs as its rolled across skin) Threading (twisted thread catches hairs as its rolled across skin) Rotary Epilators (devices which rapidly grasp hairs and pull them out by the root) Rotary Epilators (devices which rapidly grasp hairs and pull them out by the root)

33. Permanent Removal Methods Electrolysis: permanent for most Electrolysis: permanent for most Laser: permanent reduction for some Laser: permanent reduction for some Flashlamp: permanent reduction for some Flashlamp: permanent reduction for some Prescription oral or topical medications: requires continuous use Prescription oral or topical medications: requires continuous use

34. More Extreme Methods X-Ray: banned in the United States X-Ray: banned in the United States Photodynamic therapy: in the experimental stage Photodynamic therapy: in the experimental stage Other methods with doubtful promise Other methods with doubtful promise Electric tweezers, transdermal electrolysis, transcutaneous hair removal, photoepilators, microwaves, dietary supplements, nonprescription topical preparations Electric tweezers, transdermal electrolysis, transcutaneous hair removal, photoepilators, microwaves, dietary supplements, nonprescription topical preparations

35. Pharmaceuticals and Appearance

36. Diet Pills Many Diet Pills and Weight Loss Products are Fraudulent According to Fat - Exploding the Myths ( Lisa Colles), Americans are reported to spend between $30-50 billion each year on diet and weight loss programs, products and pills; $6 billion of this is said to be spent on weight loss products and pills that are fraudulent.

37. Diet Pills Prescription diet pills regulated by the FDA Prescription diet pills regulated by the FDA Meridia (Sibutramine), Xenical (Orlistat), Adipex, Bontril, Didrex, Phentermine and Tenuate Meridia (Sibutramine), Xenical (Orlistat), Adipex, Bontril, Didrex, Phentermine and Tenuate Over the Counter Pills and Supplements Over the Counter Pills and Supplements Classified as food supplements instead of weight loss drugs and are unregulated (i.e. not subject to advertising, dosage or labelling requirements) Classified as food supplements instead of weight loss drugs and are unregulated (i.e. not subject to advertising, dosage or labelling requirements) Some supplements have amphetamine-like properties or serious side effects including death Some supplements have amphetamine-like properties or serious side effects including death Others are just plain useless! Others are just plain useless!

38. Side Effects Pills that work on the brain, i.e. reduce appetite Pills that work on the brain, i.e. reduce appetite raised blood pressure, chest pain, fever, hair loss, depression, impotence, heart damage raised blood pressure, chest pain, fever, hair loss, depression, impotence, heart damage Pills that work in the gut, i.e. reduce calorie or fat absorption Pills that work in the gut, i.e. reduce calorie or fat absorption diarrhea, unexpected fecal discharge and oily stools diarrhea, unexpected fecal discharge and oily stools Herbal diet pills Herbal diet pills Herbal or natural do not equal healthier Herbal or natural do not equal healthier Some associated with major health concerns Some associated with major health concerns

39. Cosmetics Enhance beauty of the human body Enhance beauty of the human body Simulate appearance of health and youth as well as sexual arousal (wide eyes, flushed cheeks and red lips) Simulate appearance of health and youth as well as sexual arousal (wide eyes, flushed cheeks and red lips) Types: Types: Lipstick, foundation, powder, rouge, mascara, eyeliner, eye shadow, nail polish, concealer, etc. Lipstick, foundation, powder, rouge, mascara, eyeliner, eye shadow, nail polish, concealer, etc.

40. Cosmetic Ingredients Pearl essence in lipstick: shimmery substance in fish scales and is a byproduct of large-scale commercial fishing industry Pearl essence in lipstick: shimmery substance in fish scales and is a byproduct of large-scale commercial fishing industry More commonly, pearlescent quality comes from mica coated with a thin layer of titanium dioxide More commonly, pearlescent quality comes from mica coated with a thin layer of titanium dioxide Red color of lipstick: iron oxide (rust) or organic pigments Red color of lipstick: iron oxide (rust) or organic pigments Eye shadow: carmine dye which comes from crushed bodies of cochineal insect (though rarely) Eye shadow: carmine dye which comes from crushed bodies of cochineal insect (though rarely)

41. Skin Care Products Moisturizers Moisturizers Sunblock Sunblock Protect skin from UV damage Protect skin from UV damage Self-tanners Self-tanners And other lotions And other lotions Hide imperfections such as acne, wrinkles, dark circles, etc. Hide imperfections such as acne, wrinkles, dark circles, etc.

42. Ethical Considerations Topics for Discussion

43. What is Beautiful? What is beautiful? What is beautiful? Why do we find certain attributes beautiful? Why do we find certain attributes beautiful? How has the notion of beauty changed over time and what are some of the social implications? How has the notion of beauty changed over time and what are some of the social implications?

44. Beauty and Morality Certain images or ideas may be considered inherently immoral and hence do not create a valid aesthetic experience Certain images or ideas may be considered inherently immoral and hence do not create a valid aesthetic experience Sexual content? Sexual content? Politically motivated? (That which does not encourage adherence to dictates of the state) Politically motivated? (That which does not encourage adherence to dictates of the state)

45. Religious/Philosophical Views What does it mean to worship your body or to view your body as a temple? What does it mean to worship your body or to view your body as a temple? Taking care of your body, doing what is best for it Taking care of your body, doing what is best for it Treating your body with respect, compassion and care Treating your body with respect, compassion and care Not the same as being obsessed with appearance Not the same as being obsessed with appearance

46. Cultural Considerations What is acceptable fashion/use of cosmetics in one culture may be inappropriate or offensive to another What is acceptable fashion/use of cosmetics in one culture may be inappropriate or offensive to another Implications for a multicultural society? Implications for a multicultural society?

47. Botox Many cases of botched Botox Many cases of botched Botox Four cases of botulism poisoning occurred at a Fort Lauderdale Clinic and then expanded to California. Four cases of botulism poisoning occurred at a Fort Lauderdale Clinic and then expanded to California. Doctors received their materials form a biological laboratory that supplied the botulinum toxin. Doctors received their materials form a biological laboratory that supplied the botulinum toxin. How can doctors know for sure that what they are providing to their patient does not harm them? How can doctors know for sure that what they are providing to their patient does not harm them?

48. Plastic Surgery Medical evidence shows no correlation between cancer and breast implants Medical evidence shows no correlation between cancer and breast implants Should we be concerned about long term health risks that we are not aware of for other procedures? Should we be concerned about long term health risks that we are not aware of for other procedures?

49. Gastric Bypass Surgical and long term health risks associated with gastric bypass surgery Surgical and long term health risks associated with gastric bypass surgery University of Washington study found that 1 in 50 people die within one month of having gastric bypass surgery University of Washington study found that 1 in 50 people die within one month of having gastric bypass surgery

50. Another Question: The holiday season brings an increasing number of people giving plastic surgery as a gift, i.e. $15,000 face lifts, $500 Botox treatments, and $40,000 porcelain tooth veneers The holiday season brings an increasing number of people giving plastic surgery as a gift, i.e. $15,000 face lifts, $500 Botox treatments, and $40,000 porcelain tooth veneers Some doctors and social critics have raised ethical and psychological questions about the consequences of amending someone else's appearance, especially if the gift was not requested. Patients may also overlook the medical risks of the procedures if they receive them as gifts. Some doctors and social critics have raised ethical and psychological questions about the consequences of amending someone else's appearance, especially if the gift was not requested. Patients may also overlook the medical risks of the procedures if they receive them as gifts. What are your thoughts? What are your thoughts?

51. Other comments?

52. References American Society of Plastic Surgeons 22 March 2006. Balsam, M. S. Cosmetics, Science and Technology Bandy, Way. Designing Your Face Colles, Lisa. Fat - Exploding the Myths Cosmetics. Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia 22 March 2006. Elsner, Peter. Cosmeceuticals: Drugs vs. Cosmetics Emory, Elliott. Aesthetics in a Multicultural Age Estrin, Norman. The Cosmetic Industry: Scientific and Regulatory Foundations Hasler, Clare M. Regulation of Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals: A Global Perspective The United States Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Pharmacological and Surgical Treatment of Obesity http://www.webmd.com/hw/weight_control/hw252819.asp http://www.forbes.com/home/feeds/ap/2006/03/08/ap2581371.html http://www.infoplasticsurgery.com/costloftus.html http://weightloss.about.com/od/obesityhealth/a/bl_gastcost.htm http://www.allaboutvision.com/visionsurgery/cost.htm http://www.nbc6.net/health/3994046/detail.html http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/01/21/earlyshow/contributors/melindamurphy/main668323.shtml