1. Valve failure with the Ionescu-Shiley bovine pericardial bioprosthesis: Analysis of 2680 patients 
George J. Reul, M.D., Denton A. Cooley, M.D., J.Michael Duncan, M.D., O.H. Frazier, M.D., Grady L. Hallman, M.D., James J. Livesay, M.D., David A. Ott, M.D., William E. Walker, M.D. 
Journal of Vascular Surgery 
Volume 2, Issue 1, Pages (January 1985)
DOI: / (85)
Copyright © 1985 Society for Vascular Surgery and North American Chapter, International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

2. Fig. 1
Actuarial survival at 5 years for AVR, MVR, and double-valve replacement. Early mortality is calculated in actuarial survival, and number of patients considered at each point for each valve position is shown under point. Standard error is shown by vertical lines at each point.
Journal of Vascular Surgery 1985 2, DOI: ( / (85) )
Copyright © 1985 Society for Vascular Surgery and North American Chapter, International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

3. Fig. 2
Actuarial freedom from reoperation resulting from valve failure from extrinsic and intrinsic causes at 5 years is shown. There is a sudden increase in reoperation rate between 4 and 5 years. Number of patients at risk and standard error are shown.
Journal of Vascular Surgery 1985 2, DOI: ( / (85) )
Copyright © 1985 Society for Vascular Surgery and North American Chapter, International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

4. Fig. 3
Valve was explanted from mitral position at 40 months postoperatively and demonstrates typical leaflet disruption at base of leaflet. Patient had marked mitral regurgitation requiring reoperation.
Journal of Vascular Surgery 1985 2, DOI: ( / (85) )
Copyright © 1985 Society for Vascular Surgery and North American Chapter, International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

5. Fig. 4
Severe calcification in aortic valve removed 30 months postoperatively from patient who was 15 years old at time of implantation. Patient had marked obstruction to left ventricular outflow with all of the signs and symptoms of critical aortic stenosis. Note massive amount of calcification on aortic surface of valve.
Journal of Vascular Surgery 1985 2, DOI: ( / (85) )
Copyright © 1985 Society for Vascular Surgery and North American Chapter, International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions

6. Fig. 5
Actuarial freedom from valve failure is shown. Valve failure includes patients who had leaflet disruption and calcification. Note increase in valve failure rates at the 4-year and 5-year intervals. Number of patients at risk and standard error are shown.
Journal of Vascular Surgery 1985 2, DOI: ( / (85) )
Copyright © 1985 Society for Vascular Surgery and North American Chapter, International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery Terms and Conditions