1. Volume 38, Issue 6, Pages 1116-1128 (June 2013)
Foxp3 Transcription Factor Is Proapoptotic and Lethal to Developing Regulatory T Cells unless Counterbalanced by Cytokine Survival Signals 
Xuguang Tai, Batu Erman, Amala Alag, Jie Mu, Motoko Kimura, Gil Katz, Terry Guinter, Tom McCaughtry, Ruth Etzensperger, Lionel Feigenbaum, Dinah S. Singer, Alfred Singer 
Immunity 
Volume 38, Issue 6, Pages (June 2013)
DOI: /j.immuni
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2. Immunity 2013 38, 1116-1128DOI: (10.1016/j.immuni.2013.02.022)
Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 1 Foxp3 Expression Promotes Cell Death
(A) Heterozygous B6xScurfy female mice with a Foxp3GFP reporter transgene (Zhou et al., 2008) contain two Treg cell subpopulations that express (Xwt) or lack (Xsfy) functional Foxp3 proteins. The frequency of each Treg cell subpopulation in the thymus, as well as their expression of intracellular Foxp3, intracellular CTLA-4, and surface CD25 is shown (left and middle). Right panel displays the relative percentage of each Treg cell subpopulation that survived in overnight culture. Mean ± SE of three mice aged 4–6 weeks.
(B) Foxp3 expression in thymocytes from Foxp3Tg mice (A10, C10, and T3) and B6 CD4SP thymocytes displayed as mean fluorescence intensity (MFI). Data are representative of multiple experiments.
(C) Thymocyte numbers from age-matched B6 and Foxp3Tg mice. Mean ± SE of ten mice.
(D) Quantitation of TUNEL+ cells in thymic sections from the indicated mice. Mean ± SE of triplicate samples in two experiments.
(E) Spontaneous thymocyte apoptosis in overnight medium culture. Frequencies of EtBr+ DP and CD4SP thymocytes from indicated mice were normalized to control B6, which was set equal to 0. Mean ± SE of triplicate cultures in three experiments.
(F) Thymocyte numbers from the indicated mice. Mean ± SE of 14 age-matched mice in each group.
(G) Foxp3 protein expression in DP and CD4SP thymocytes (left) and frequency of apoptotic cells after overnight medium culture (right, mean ± SE of triplicate cultures). Data are representative of three experiments.
(H) Spleen CD4+ T cell numbers from B6 and Foxp3Tg mice. Mean ± SE of six mice per group.
∗p < 0.01; ∗∗∗p < See also Figure S1.
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4. Figure 2 Effect of Foxp3 on Proapoptotic and Prosurvival Molecules
(A) Puma mRNA expression in DP thymocytes from indicated mice. Mean ± SE of triplicate samples.
(B) DP thymocyte expression of proapoptotic proteins. Numbers in protein immunoblots refer to intensities of the indicated bands relative to B6 (i.e., Foxp3Tg−hBcl-2Tg−), which was set equal to 1.0. Data are representative of three experiments.
(C) DUSP mRNA expression in DP thymocytes. Mean ± SE of triplicate samples in three experiments.
(D) Cotransfection of HeLa cells with a luciferase-encoding vector (pGL3) driven either by the DUSP6 or mutated DUSP6-M3 promoter, together with either a Foxp3-encoding or empty control vector (pcDNA3.1). DUSP6 promoter activity was determined 24 hr after transfection by relating luciferase activity to control renilla activity to normalize for transfection efficiency. Mean ± SE of triplicate samples in five experiments.
(E) Thymus cellularity in mice expressing the A10 Foxp3Tg (left) or not (right). Mean ± SE of five mice per group.
(F) Effect of proapoptotic gene deficiencies on Foxp3-dependent spontaneous apoptosis in overnight culture. Frequency of EtBr+ cells after overnight culture of DP thymocytes from A10 Foxp3Tg mice was normalized to that from the identical mice without the A10 Foxp3Tg. Mean ± SE of triplicate samples in three experiments.
(G) Effect of Foxp3 on endogenous Bcl-2 protein expression. mBcl-2 content (determined by intracellular staining) in thymocytes from mice with the C10 Foxp3Tg normalized to mice without it. Mean ± SE of four mice per group.
(H) Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of mBcl-2 mRNA in thymocytes from the indicated mice. Mean ± SE of triplicate samples in two experiments.
(I) mBcl-2 promoter activity was determined in HeLa cells 24 hr after cotransfection with a luciferase-encoding vector (pGL3) driven by the mBcl-2 promoter, together with a vector (pcDNA3.1) encoding either Flag-tagged wild-type or truncated Foxp3 proteins. Anti-Flag immunoblots confirmed the presence of Flag-tagged Foxp3 proteins. Mean ± SE of triplicate samples in three experiments.
∗∗p < 0.001; ∗∗∗p < See also Figure S2.
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5. Figure 3
Normal Treg Cells Display the Foxp3 Proapoptotic Protein Signature
(A and B) Protein immunoblots of conventional (Foxp3−CD25−) and regulatory (Foxp3+CD25+) CD4SP thymocytes from B6 (A) and hBcl-2Tg (B) mice containing the Foxp3-GFP reporter (Bettelli et al., 2006). Puma mRNA (A, bottom) was determined by quantitative RT-PCR relative to 18S rRNA (mean ± SE of triplicate samples). Data in (A) are representative of two experiments and data in (B) of four experiments.
(C) Intracellular mBcl-2 expression in Treg cell subpopulations (Xwt and Xsfy) in the thymus of heterozygous B6xScurfy female mice expressing the Foxp3GFP reporter. Dashed lines represent negative control staining. Data are representative of two experiments.
(D) Frequency (left) and relative number of Foxp3+CD4SP thymocytes compared to B6 (right). Mean ± SE of five to ten mice per group.
∗p < 0.01; ∗∗p < 0.001; ∗∗∗p < See also Figure S3.
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6. Figure 4
Effect of IL-2 on Bcl-2 Expression and Survival of Thymic Treg Cells
(A) Intracellular mBcl-2 expression in CD4SP thymocytes from B6 mice. Data are representative of six experiments.
(B) Intracellular mBcl-2 expression in Foxp3+CD4SP thymocytes of Il2−/− origin from intact Il2−/− mice and B6+Il2−/−→B6 mixed donor chimeras (left). Frequencies of Il2−/− origin Foxp3+CD4SP thymocyte subsets are also shown (right). Mean ± SE of six mice per group.
(C) Spontaneous thymocyte apoptosis in overnight culture of Xwt and Xsfy Treg cells from B6 and Scurfy male mice expressing the Foxp3GFP reporter. Frequencies of Foxp3GFP+CD4SP thymocytes that were EtBr+ were normalized to Foxp3GFP−CD4SP thymocytes that were set equal to 0. Mean ± SE of triplicate cultures in three experiments.
(D) Survival of CD4SP thymocytes from AND.Rag2−/−.PCC (on B6xB10.A background) in overnight cultures. Mean ± SE of triplicate cultures in three experiments.
(E) mBcl-2 protein expression in Foxp3+CD25− CD4SP thymocytes from mice expressing constitutively active Stat5b transgenic molecules (STAT5-CA) normalized to B6 mice, which was set equal to 100. Mean ± SE of five mice per group.
(F) Frequency of Foxp3+ CD4SP thymocytes. Mean ± SE of five mice.
∗∗p < 0.001; ∗∗∗p < See also Figure S4.
Immunity  , DOI: ( /j.immuni )
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7. Figure 5 γc-Independent Expression of Foxp3
(A) Foxp3+CD4SP thymocytes in germline Il2rg−/− (γc-deficient) mice. Numbers in histograms indicate frequency of cells within box. Mean ± SE of five to eight mice per group.
(B) γc expression and its effect on DP and CD4SP thymocytes from the indicated mice. Numbers in histograms indicate frequency of cells within box. Mean ± SE of six mice per group.
Immunity  , DOI: ( /j.immuni )
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8. Figure 6 Foxp3+CD25− Precursors of Foxp3+CD25+ Mature Treg Cells
(A) CD4SP thymocytes from Foxp3-GFP reporter mice (Bettelli et al., 2006) (top) and flow cytometric analysis of gated subsets (A–E) (bottom). Data are representative of four experiments.
(B) In vitro differentiation of sorted Foxp3+CD25− and Foxp3−CD25+ CD4SP thymocytes. Data are representative of six experiments.
(C) In vivo development of Foxp3+CD25+ Treg cells from two Treg precursor cell subsets. CD4 cells were electronically sorted into subsets of Foxp3-GFP+CD25− cells (A), Foxp3-GFP−CD25+ cells (B), and Foxp3-GFP−CD25− cells (C) as indicated (left) and transferred together into unirradiated Rag2−/− host mice. Each host mouse received 3 × 105 donor cells of (A), 1 × 105 donor cells of (B), and 1 × 106 donor cells of (C). After 3 weeks, host spleen and LN T cells were analyzed (right). Data are representative of four host mice analyzed in two independent experiments.
(D) Effects of Puma-Bim double deficiency and hBcl-2Tg expression on precursor and mature thymic Treg cells. Each CD4SP thymocyte subset was compared relative to B6 mice, which was set equal to 1. Mean ± SE of four to nine mice per group.
See also Figure S5.
Immunity  , DOI: ( /j.immuni )
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9. Figure 7
Newly Generated Foxp3+ Thymocytes Compete for γc-Mediated Survival Signals
(A) Effect of Foxp3-specific γc deletion on γc expression (left) and Treg cell number (right) in thymi of 3- to 4-week-old mice. Mean ± SE of four to five mice per group.
(B) Frequency (left) and number (right) of Foxp3+ cells among CD4SP thymocytes in competitive mixed donor chimeras. CD4SP thymocytes of B6 donor origin are γc+ (closed symbols) and displayed in top panels; CD4SP thymocytes of Il2rgfl/fl donor origin are γcfl (open symbols) and displayed in bottom panels. Each circle and square represents an individual mouse. The star indicates intact B6 mice.
∗∗∗p < See also Figure S6.
Immunity  , DOI: ( /j.immuni )
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