1. An Introduction to Child Trafficking for Social Service Providers: Identifying and Serving Survivors

2. Coalition to Abolish Slavery & Trafficking
Founded in 1998 in response to El Monte Sweatshop.
Mission: To assist persons trafficked for the purpose of forced labor and slavery-like practices and to work toward ending all instances of such human rights violations.
Lack of services for victims once identified. Started out social service and now have legal department.
El Monte Sweatshop Workers, 1995
LA Times

3. CAST Services for Trafficking Survivors
Housing/Basic Necessities: Emergency/transitional housing, affordable housing, tenants’ rights education, utilities info, food, clothing.
Medical: Immediate screening for injury/illness, documentation of injuries/scars, nutrition assessment, follow-up health care, vaccinations/TB/STD/HIV tests, chronic illness care, OB/GYN, dental, vision.
Education/Employment: Literacy, ESL/GED/vocational training, labor law education, career planning, job search.
Life Skills: Cross-cultural education, transportation, signage, training to prevent exploitation, banking, financial budgeting.
Legal Services: Immigration relief, victims-witness advocacy, civil case referrals, Long-term, comprehensive support for continuing legal needs.
Comprehensive services—that meet immediate and long term needs
Also do this with legal services—mainly provide victim witness advocacy when reporting and if in involved prosecution, immigration relief, also referrals and technical assistance on civil claims. Also find clients are exploited so over long term legal services---could include thing like divorce, helping receive restraining order, consulting on employment issues, Starting program that provides training on legal rights.,

4. Training Overview Dimensions of Child Trafficking
Identifying Child Trafficking Survivors
Serving Child Trafficking Survivors
Case Management
Access to Shelter
Access to Benefits
Legal Framework

5. Adapted from: CAST Presentation
Dimensions of
Child Trafficking
Adapted from: CAST Presentation
© Freedom Network 2003
Photos by J. Maillard, International Labour Organization
Photos by J. Maillard, International Labour Organization

6. Human Trafficking is a Modern Day Form of Slavery
Victims trafficked for:
Forced labor:
Examples: restaurant work, agricultural work, domestic work, factory work, or illegal enterprises such as selling drugs and serving as decoys in smuggling cases.
Sexual exploitation:
Examples: prostitution, use in pornography
Child Trafficking:
‘The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of a child for the purpose of exploitation constitutes ‘trafficking in persons’
-Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, (“Protocol”), G.A. res. 55/25, annex II, 55 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 49) at 60, U.N. Doc. A/45/49 (Vol. I) (2001), Art. 3(c).
Child Trafficking:‘The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of a child for the purpose of exploitation constitutes ‘trafficking in persons’
-Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, (“Protocol”), G.A. res. 55/25, annex II, 55 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 49) at 60, U.N. Doc. A/45/49 (Vol. I) (2001), Art. 3(c).

7. Human Trafficking is an Under Identified Crime
Many people think of human trafficking as only an international problem
Victims tend not to self-identify as trafficking victims
Often victims are deported before their full story is known
Some of the challenges to identifying human trafficking victims-

8. Some Estimates as to the Scope of the Problem:
In the U.S. 14,500-17,500 men, women and children trafficked annually
The estimates on the number of immigrant children being trafficked into the country annually range from 7,000 to 17,000.[1]
As many as 10,000 people in slavery like conditions in the Los Angeles area alone
2 million people trafficked worldwide annually
27 million people in slavery around the world
$9 billion dollar business
[1] Estes and Weiner, p. 114.
(United States Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report, (TIP), June 2007)
United States Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report, (TIP), June 2007

9. Percentage of Child Trafficking Victims Around the World:
CAST’s caseload for addressed ~4% child victims of human trafficking.
U.S. Government average is about 13% of cases identified
From , only 131 child victims have been certified by the Federal government. [2]
[1] at pg 12 [2]( 4)

10. Survivor Stories
Lily, a young Egyptian girl was freed from a couple’s home in Irvine, California, where she was forced to work as a domestic servant for two years. She was denied access to a formal education and was threatened with physical harm by the couple. [1]
At age 15, Sofia was promised a job as a waitress in America. She was told that she would make enough money to pay off her smuggling debts in no time. Her prospects at home seemed dim, so along with her older sister, she agreed to go to California. When they arrived, they were forced into a prostitution ring run by human traffickers.[2]
Jeffery, 16, was brought over to the U.S. by a family. He was told that he had to work for them at their store to pay off his travel debt. He worked eight hours a day, six days a week. He did not attend school. Eventually, the family told him to leave.[3]
Brandon, 17, from a Central American country was forced to sell drugs in the United States. He was eventually charged with drug trafficking in juvenile court. The Juvenile Justice System eventually found Brandon guilty of selling drugs. [4]
[1] U.S. Department of Justice, Press Release, February 2, 2005, “Irvine couple indicted on involuntary servitude charges for holding girl as virtual slave to serve their family,” (accessed on March 22,2006).
[2] This is a case study based on several interviews. The names, places, and dates have been changed to ensure the child’s confidentiality is strictly maintained.
[3] Case study derived from interview conducted on March 13, 1006 by telephone with anonymous social service provider. Identifying characteristics of the child, including, name, gender, and ethnicity are subject to change.
[4] This is a case study based on several interviews. The names, places, and dates have been changed to ensure the child’s confidentiality is strictly maintained. [

11. Identifying Survivors of Adapted from: CAST Presentation
Child Trafficking
Adapted from: CAST Presentation
© Freedom Network 2003
Photos by J. Maillard, International Labour Organization
Photos by J. Maillard, International Labour Organization

12. Human Trafficking Defined
The term ''severe forms of trafficking in persons'' means:
(A) sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion,
OR in which the person induced to perform such act has not attained 18 years of age; or
(B) the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery.
(Victims of Trafficking and Violence Prevention Act of can be found at
Forced prostitution or if under 18 years old. Second part is definition of labor trafficking. Involve servitude specifically is and debt bondage—when debt that never goes down keeps growing. Involve servitude is when -forced to work another threats physical harm or restraint, through pattern or plan cause harm or restraint, or abuse of legal process. Debt bondage basically same as peonage.

13. Three Elements of Traffickingby
Force OR
Fraud
Coercion 2
MEANS
Recruiting OR
Harboring
Moving
Obtaining
a person, 1
ACTS
For the purposes of
Involuntary Servitude OR
Debt Bondage
Slavery
Sex Trade 3
END
© Coalition to Abolish Slavery & Trafficking (CAST), All Rights Reserved.

14. What Constitutes Coercion?
22 U.S.C. § 7102 Coercion. The term "coercion" means--
      (A) threats of serious harm to or physical restraint against any person;
      (B) any scheme, plan, or pattern intended to cause a person to believe that failure to perform an act would result in serious harm to or physical restraint against any person; or
      (C) the abuse or threatened abuse of the legal process.
Force fraud—easy understand--definition what constitute coercion most important See that what constitute coercion is when no actually physical violence-direct threats==feel harm (usually to person or family or friends ), plan to make person believe (examples: told if leave will be kidnapped and have organs sold, or else threat dangerous America is an like to rape foreign women; however, also look not direct statements by trafficker—often ask if heard stories about boss other women-hear that women beaten when try to escape covered in blanket so no bruises or lese burned citigetteres. Also ask what they have seen=bosses or supervisor assaulting other women==even if not happened to them or not threatened), or threatening legal process-usually is I will have deported, or arrested) Prey on fact illegal status, and then also fear own police in own countries

15. Common Misconceptions
Trafficking requires the crossing of national or international borders
Trafficking only involves foreign nationals not US citizens
You can consent to being trafficked
Common Misconceptions:
Trafficking does not require International movement or movement across state borders.
It can be used to prosecute domestic cases of trafficking-actually push under push administration. Not need to look for just non-citizens.
The person consents to be smuggled/ or to labor to pay back a debt-not matter-point forced to work for one employer.
Most important thing to look for if only limited time is the means—force fraud coercion—find that if have that than have the others

16. The U.S. Side of Human Trafficking
An unknown number of American citizens and legal residents are trafficked within the country.
Forced to work in sexual servitude and forced labor.
FBI debriefings of sex traffickers or pimps indicate that approx % of the victims forced or recruited into prostitution were juveniles.
Source: Chris Swecker, FBI

17. Local Resources To help access services/benefits:
Ann Lane at Office of Refugee Resettlement :
Service Providers who specialize in assisting US Citizen or LPR survivors:
Covenant House, Los Angeles
Children of the Night, Los Angeles
The SAGE Project, Inc., San Francisco
National Human Trafficking Resource Center (NHTRC)
If the child would like to seek criminal charges:
Trafficking in Persons and Worker Exploitation
Task Force Complaint Line
TVPRA of 2005:
Establishes a pilot program of residential treatment facilities for minor victims of domestic trafficking in the United States.
Establishes a grant program for states and local law enforcement to work with victim service providers to investigate and prosecute acts of domestic trafficking in persons.

18. Trafficking versus Smuggling
Contains the elements of force, fraud, or coercion (cannot consent to enslavement)
Subsequent exploitation and/or forced labor
Those trafficked are seen as victims by the law
SMUGGLING:
No force, fraud, or coercion
Unauthorized crossing of borders
Those smuggled are seen as criminals by the law
Labor Exploitation is a form of exploitation involving work. The difference is freedom of movement. Trafficked individuals are forced to remain in their situation under threat.

19. Modern-Day Slavery: A Prison Without Walls
Along with:
Physical / Psychological / Sexual abuse/ Physical threats
Look for:
Long hours
Little/No pay
Withholding documents
Threats of deportation
Threats to family members in home country
Isolation
Inhumane Living Conditions
Denial of access to healthcare services
Having to work when sick
Not able to refuse customer requests
Barbed wire and being locked in has been changed
What past definition shows is that Modern day slavery is a prison without walls. A person does not have to be locked in a room or house-seen clients own cell phones, cars etc. Many ways that can be controlled. Talked about examples.
Remember that clients might not be willing to talk about easy ways of indication-which reports physical abuse etc, but might be able to ask questions to get this kind of information—which can raise red flags
© Coalition to Abolish Slavery & Trafficking (CAST), All Rights Reserved.

20. Things to Look for Especially in Juvenile Cases
Substance abuse
Denial of access to education
Denial of recreational activities
No peers/contact with others from outside world
Already in the Juvenile Justice System
False documents with incorrect age

21. Redefining How You Look at a Case
For example: DCFS defines exploitation as “any unethical use of [children] for one’s own advantage or profit.” See Los Angeles County Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS). “Assessment of Exploitation.”
According to the Los Angeles County Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS) 100 child exploitation referrals were made in 2007

22. Key Identification Questions
Recruitment/ Migration:
Why did you come to the U.S.?
Who arranged your travel?
How did you get here?
Do you owe money for your trip?
What did you expect when you came?
What did you end up doing?
Were you scared?
Identification:
Do you have any papers?
Who has them?
Working Conditions:
Are you in school?
Are you working?
What kind of work do you do?
Are you paid?
Do you owe money to your boss or someone else?
Can you leave your job if you want?
Living Environment:
Where do you live?
Who else lives there?
Where do you sleep?
Are you scared to leave?
Coercion:
Has anybody ever threatened you to keep you from running away?
Has anybody ever hurt you to make you stay?
Has you family been threatened?
Recruitment—look for what told versus what actually was the deal—example told work as a waitress but actually work in prostitution, told work 8 hours, but work 14, told paid 500 a week but received nothing
Actual conditions once working—looking for way to show force fraud coercion element met.
Favorite question is what would happen if tired to leave-say never could but ask just picture

23. CAST Intake Form

24. Initial Contact With Potentially Trafficked Persons
Victims might often lie about their present circumstances
AND are unlikely to self-identify as trafficking victims.
Recognize the methods involved in hiding or disguising trafficked minors from authorities
Establish that you:
Have no power to order the person deported
Do not work for the government or police
Will not take any action without the client’s consent
Represent their interests and no one else
Always use an interpreter even if some English is spoken
Ask if there is a gender preference
Be careful not to impose values or ideas
Be knowledgeable and aware of your position of power in society
Find out if other victims are being held
Be suspicious of private attorneys paid for by trafficker
CONTACT AN ATTORNEY IMMEDIATELY TO ASSIST THE CHILD
To Stephanie Bullet point #2 “Recognize…” It originally did not have “Recognize the” Did you want us to find methods to list or is this ok?

25. Safety Considerations When Working with Trafficking Victims
Do not try to liberate victims yourself
During “extractions,” staff should wait at secondary, neutral site
Find secure locations for interviews
Assess risk level to client, client family, staff
Make safety plans based on assessments
Be mindful of your movements
Consider relocating victims
Do not provide personal information
Another reason to work with law enforcement
Distinguish advocate from LE
© Coalition to Abolish Slavery & Trafficking (CAST), All Rights Reserved.

26. Serving Trafficked Children
Photos by J. Maillard, International Labour Organization
Photos by J. Maillard, International Labour Organization

27. Wide Range of Needs Immediate needs: Appropriate placement Protection
Food
Medical care
Mental health, suicide intervention and assessment
Long-term needs:
Education/Job placement
Counseling
Legal representation
Other social services to help rebuild their lives
Medical: Emergency care, immediate screening for injury/illness, rape exam, primary health care, vaccinations/TB test/STD/HIV tests, chronic illness care, OB/GYN, dental, vision, nutrition assessment
Appropriate Placement/Basic Necessities: Emergency/transitional housing, food, clothing, identification, phone cards
Mental Health: Normalization, culturally sensitive therapist referrals, alternative care, supportive counseling, patience, validation
Life Skills: Cross-cultural education, transportation, reading signs/symbols, assertiveness training to prevent further exploitation, banking, financial budgeting, independent living skills

28. Case Management Services
Facilitate Access to Services
Case Managers/Advocates provide some services directly, but more often, coordinate access to other providers OR assist client do for themselves.
Intensive & Comprehensive Case Management
Emergency Basic Needs (food, shelter, clothing)
Benefits Coordination
Supportive Counseling & Support through Legal Case
Life Skills Education & Exploitation Prevention
Employment Prep & Assistance
Access to schools
Individualized Service Plans
Crisis Intervention/Supportive Counseling
Appropriate Housing Placement
**Facilitator- not all-time doer.
Examples of when cm’s do work: supportive counseling, teaching/mentoring, coordinate repatriation/reunification
Examples of when cm’s connect: arrange referrals and appointments, set up volunteer accompaniments to community appointments.
Examples of when cm’s coach: make calls together, teach how to fill out forms,
© Coalition to Abolish Slavery & Trafficking (CAST), All Rights Reserved.

29. Safety Screening Form Use to help assess risk to:
Client/victim
Staff
Family members
Create a safety plan with client
Refer to another agency if risk is too high for victim to remain in current town, state.
SEE HANDOUT!!!!!!!!!

30. Case Confidentiality
Can make or break a case—Critical impact on the life of the individual survivor
Keep responsible case notes
Record only what you need to document services and ensure record of events that are relevant to case
Screen all interpreters
Protect the right to privacy and safety by using Informed Consents and Authorization for Release of Information
Ensures relationship of trust and respect
Reduces safety risks to all
Maintains integrity of all legal proceedings
Especially important with a child who has an active criminal or civil case-expect your notes to be subpoenaed and act accordingly
(*See notes on documentation for case notes? A& J) Operationalize this- we talk about confidentiality a lot, but how do we maintain it really and how does this impact the case?
Just as in serving any crime victim such as sexual assault or domestic violence, it is very important in trafficking cases to maintain the highest level of confidentiality. First, it establishes trust with the survivor-this helps in her healing process and it also makes her a better witness for the case. Confidentiality also reduces safety concerns, and it maintains the integrity of the case.
Interpreters- actually happened. Completed interview with interpreter of one of our partners and then we found out that the interpreter knew the trafficker. Challenges of small communities.
© Coalition to Abolish Slavery & Trafficking (CAST), All Rights Reserved.

31. Mandatory Reporting Limits on confidentiality:
Section of the Penal Code: requires any child care custodian, health provider or employee of a child protective agency who has knowledge, or reasonably suspects child abuse, to report it to a child protective agency immediately.
“Child Care Custodian:” includes administrators and employees of public or private youth centers, youth recreation programs or youth organizations; administrators and employees of public or private organizations whose duties require direct contact and supervision of children.

32. Options for Assistance
Family Reunification/Repatriation
Appropriate shelter
Benefits
Legal
Immigration
Criminal Prosecution
Civil Law Remedies
Many options for relief—choose to stay or special immigration status. Criminal pros.mand. Restitution and also Reauthorization act created specific right to civil action. Have this in CA as well

33. Family Reunification?
Family reunification should be explored as a priority.
Ensure:
Claimants are genuine family members
Were not a part of the trafficking
Capable of providing safety for the child
Develop a plan for identifying, assessing, and communicating with family in long-term care plans.
The best interest of the child has to be the paramount consideration for all parties during the whole process (pursuant to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and usually specified in the national laws or policy/practice of the referring country);
Participation and the right of the child to express his or her views freely;
The consent of the parent or legal guardian;
Tracing of the family (so long as family tracing does not jeopardize the best interests of the child or the rights of the family members being traced);
Sufficient information and counseling of the child and/or the guardian;
Family assessment to determine the availability of family support (consent and ability of the family to care for the child) or an appropriate care provider as well as reintegration mechanisms in the receiving country;
Depending on the laws in the referring country, the child should come under the protection of the social service institutions acting in place of a parent. Where this is so, permission must be sought from the agency concerned before the minor is removed from the country;
Where there is suspicion of family-related trafficking, it is important that all due consideration be given to such an eventuality, and that a family assessment is made to clarify if family involvement was a factor in the trafficking process.

34. Repatriation Assistance
For assistance arranging travel, purchasing air tickets, and child accompaniment contact:
IOM Washington
Carson Osberg
1752 N Street NW Suite 700, Washington, DC 20036
Phone: ext. 227 Fax:
Link with Non-Governmental Organizations in country of repatriation to assess family situation, safety, available services, accompany client through immigration, etc.
Follow-up with client as appropriate
HANDOUT

35. Appropriate Housing Placement
Federal Programs
Unaccompanied Refugee Minors (URM)
Division of Unaccompanied Children Services (DUCS)
State Foster Care
Non-Governmental Organization Shelters
Family Placement

36. Unaccompanied Refugee Minors (URM)
The VTVPA provides trafficked children access to the URM program- the federal foster care system for refugee children
Only after Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) issues a letter of eligibility to a trafficked child can they access the URM program.
17 URM programs in the U.S.
Caters to refugee children from all over the world.
Provides comprehensive services
Family counseling, mental health treatment, and other social services that the minor may need.

37. URM in California
In 2004, a URM program was established in San Jose, California by Catholic Charities.
Currently, it has about 10 family placements
Between foster care and a supported housing program they are currently able to serve about 25 children.
The San Jose program has access to all other Catholic Charities services in the region, which includes the services within its informal network of partners.
They have yet to serve a trafficking victim
Their program provides: Financial support for housing, food, clothing, and other necessities for the minor, medical care, intensive case management, independent living skills training, training and support for foster parents.
For more information, contact Coleen Gulbraa at or

38. Division of Unaccompanied Children Services (DUCS)
When federal law enforcement encounter Unaccompanied Alien Minors (UAM) ineligible for the URM program, they are usually sent to facilities operated by the Division of Unaccompanied Children Services (DUCS), which is housed under the ORR.
DUCS is responsible for providing care to Unaccompanied Alien Minors until they are either released from custody or deported to their home countries.
There have been reported cases in which child trafficking victims have been identified in the DUCS program
Annie Sovcik, telephone interview with author, February 9, 2006.

39. DUCS Services in CA
DUCS has a contract with Catholic Charities in Los Angeles County to provide shelter for children under its custody.
Angel’s Flight, a runaway youth emergency shelter, is the agency that delivers care to DUCS children under Catholic Charities.
Angel's Flight Emergency Shelter 357 South Westlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA ;

40. Local Resources in Los Angeles
Private youth shelters and foster care providers
Community-Based Organizations (CBO) and religious groups
Emilio Mendoza: Department of Children and Family Services – Multi-Agency Response Team
Catholic Legal Immigration Network, Inc.- (CLINIC)
Debbie Deem – FBI Victim Specialist
Cecily saco

41. Access to CA State Benefits
SB 1569 provides temporary and immediate access to social services for victims of human trafficking, domestic violence and other violent crimes prior to federal certification.
SB 1569 benefits end when a child is Certified by the federal government
SEE HANDOUT

42. Establishing SB 1569 Eligibility
A Victim of human trafficking who:
Is taking steps to file an application for T-Nonimmigration status visa (T-Visa) or meets the conditions for federal benefits eligibility. OR
Has filed an application for a T-visa.
Must Provide:
1. A sworn statement
2. Documentation to show that a T-visa has been or will be filed
A Letter from an attorney assisting the child is enough
T-visa holder-even those who have not applied are eligible
Need sworn statement-should be as limited as possible with NO facts about individual case. See sample. Name of person and uses definition of trafficking with signature
2nd piece of information. The easiest

43. Benefits Through Federal Certification
Victims of a severe form of trafficking who have been certified by Office of Refugee Resettlement of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) are eligible for benefits to the same extent as refugees.
Federal benefits

44. Who Is Eligible For Certification?
Individual must be determined to be a victim of a severe form of trafficking by a federal law enforcement agency OR
Have filed and had a T-visa application approved
The ORR must verify the trafficking status of an alien minor before a letter of eligibility can be issued, which is handled on a case-by-case basis.[1] In 2004, an interagency memorandum of understanding (MOU) was agreed upon by the DOJ, DHS, and DHHS.[2] The MOU outlines that the DHHS will seek the recommendations of the DOJ and DHS, before issuing a letter of eligibility or certification to human trafficking victims. This would include providing confidential information pertaining to child trafficking cases to federal law enforcement agencies. Many in the anti-trafficking community are against this practice, because it could lead to the ORR rejecting applications from trafficking victims who refuses to cooperate with law enforcement, which is a clear violation of the VTVPA.[3] Regardless of these concerns, the ORR often relies on federal law enforcement to verify the trafficking status of alien minors, because it lacks the capacity to do so.
[1] Annie Sovcik interview.
[2] “Interagency Memorandum of Understanding between the Department of Health and Human Services, The Department of Homeland Security, and the Department of Justice.” It was signed by the deputy secretaries of DHHS and DHS, and the secretary Attorney General of the DOJ on 7/9/04.
[3] Please see Appendix D for more on this controversy.

45. Minors Require Verification
Identification is only half of the process. The other half involves verification:
The ORR must verify the trafficking status of an alien minor before a letter of eligibility can be issued
This is handled on a case-by-case basis.[1]
[1] Annie Sovcik interview.
ORR often relies on federal law enforcement to verify the trafficking status of alien minors, because it lacks the capacity to do so.
Traumatized children often have difficulty opening up to law enforcement and rarely self-identify as trafficking victims.
Criteria for determining eligibility is subjective
Ex. One victim received T-Visa but was denied a letter of eligibility from the ORR

46. Certification Benefits For Minors
Once the determination of eligibility has been made, children are entitled to federal benefits.
Refugee self-sufficiency Matching Grant Program and other ORR discretionary grant programs benefits programs for victims of trafficking
Benefit issuing agencies can call ORR’s trafficking victim verification line at
Minors in URM care do not receive Refugee Cash Assistance (RCA).  Their room and board-like expenses (maintenance payment), medical coverage, and some incidentals are fully covered.  They remain in the program until they reunify with family or turn 18.  In most states URMs can remain in the program until 21 on a voluntary basis, as long as they comply with program requirements.  Under 18 they receive an allowance.  In some states, the ‘maintenance payment‘ goes directly to URMs who are 18 or older, instead of to the foster family, to provide them with the opportunity to manage their own finances (rent, utilities, food, etc.).  Depending on the state, they may be eligible for additional independent living services.  Some former foster youth are able to access Educational and Training Vouchers for their post-secondary educational or vocational training.  Older youth who are authorized to work typically get part time jobs.  URM foster care programs must provide services equal to those available to children in the state or local foster care system with the additional requirement of cultural and linguistic preservation services.
Minors who are not in URM care and are in the custody of their parent or other legal guardian may be eligible for Refugee Medical Assistance (RMA) which they can access with their Eligibility Letter.  RCA and RMA last for 8 months starting on the date of the trafficking Eligibility Letter.  Such minors could get RCA if they are not eligible for TANF and are NOT full-time students.  As a condition of receiving RCA, they must be receiving employment or employability services, such as through ORR-funded Refugee Social Services, which requires that they be at least 16 years old and that they are not full time students.  However, since most welfare offices would not be used to providing refugee benefits to unaccompanied youth, some coordination may be needed to facilitate access.  Depending on the location, additional refugee services may be available. Services generally cannot be provided after 60 months, with the exception of interpretation, referral and citizenship and naturalization preparation assistance.
Minors who are found eligible for benefits and services while in DUCS care do not begin to access benefits and services until they are reunified with their sponsor or placed in the URM program.  Their needs are met by the DUCS program during this initial, temporary placement.  I coordinate issuance of the Eligibility Letter to ensure a child has a timely release to the URM program if designated as unaccompanied or is able to access benefits and services upon release.

47. Other Resources: Survivor Services and Funding
Government grantees across the United States can provide services to victims who cooperate as witnesses
Office for Victims of Crime – emergency services for pre-certified victims
Office of Refugee Resettlement – provides certification for refugee benefits eligibility for victims of severe form of trafficking in persons
Emergency Witness Assistance Program (EWAP) funds
Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) funds, crime victim compensation go to:
Possible discretionary funds from government agencies
Free services/clinics
Be creative and advocate strongly if you think your client is eligible to apply for or receive services
Refer to client assessment matrix.
Refer to poem: psychological coercion
CAST’s clients have come from Bangladesh, Burma, Cambodia, China, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Korea, Mexico, Russia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Ukraine.

48. The Legal Framework
Immigration
Criminal
Civil

49. Attorney’s Immigration Assistance
Immigration attorneys help trafficked clients assess their immigration status, as well as:
Pursue a T or U visa, Asylum status, Special Immigrant Juvenile visa (SIJS), etc.
Coordinate with derivative applicants in their country of origin (family etc).
Assist with repatriation (if safe and appropriate).
Used with permission of Kathleen Kim

50. Immigration Status
Forms of relief specific for human trafficking victims provided by the TVPA:
Temporary relief through Continued Presence (CP)
Possibility to adjust status to legal permanent residency through T-Visa or U-Visa.
Review a little about immigration benefit with you because-important in many clients decision if want to come forward.

51. What Is Continued Presence?
Provides temporary immigration relief to potential witnesses who are victims of severe forms of trafficking, including:
Work authorization
Good for 1 year but can be extended
Federal benefits for up to 8 months
Only Federal law enforcement agents can request CP
However, since children do not have to cooperate with law enforcement-weigh risks and benefits prior to seeking this form of relief.
It is recommended to seek Continued Presence as it is a relatively fast method for receiving status

52. What Is A T-Visa?
Enables certain victims of human trafficking to live and work in the U.S. for four years.
Children can petition to bring parents and unmarried siblings under the age of 21 to the U.S.
Can receive government benefits, including cash assistance, for up to 8 months
Can apply for Green Card after three years
Warn clients can not leave US

53. Who Is Eligible For A T-Visa?
ELEMENTS:
Is, or has been, a victim of severe form of trafficking in persons
Is physically present in the U.S. on account of such trafficking
Has complied with reasonable request for assistance in the investigation or prosecution of acts of trafficking
Children under 18 do not need to meet this criterion
Would suffer extreme hardship involving unusual and severe harm upon removal from the U.S.
There is no filing deadline for cases in which victimization occurred after October 28, 2000.
Linked to law enforcement--although can self petition once reported-must have made effort
Not that difficult-usually focused on trauma and physical harm as well as services available in US, and threat of relation
hardship

54. Other Forms of Immigration Relief
U Visa:
For victims of certain criminal activity who suffered substantial physical or mental abuse
Asylum:
For persons who have suffered or fear persecution based on race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership in a particular social group in country of origin
Special Immigrant Juvenile Status (SIJS):
Children eligible for long-term foster care due to abuse, neglect or abandonment when return to home country not a viable option
Violence Against Women Act (VAWA):
Allows certain battered immigrants to file for immigration relief without abuser’s assistance or knowledge

55. Adapted from: CAST Presentation
Criminal Prosecution
Adapted from: CAST Presentation
© Freedom Network 2003
Photos by J. Maillard, International Labour Organization
Photos by J. Maillard, International Labour Organization

56. Federal Crimes 18 U.S.C. § 1581 Peonage (Debt Bondage)
18 U.S.C. § 1583 Enticement into slavery 
18 U.S.C. § 1584 Sale into involuntary servitude
18 U.S.C. § 1589 Forced Labor
18 U.S.C. § 1590 Trafficking Into Servitude
18 U.S.C. § 1591 Sex Trafficking
18 U.S.C. § 1592 Document Servitude (up to 5 years)
18 U.S.C. § 2251a Selling or Buying of Children
18 U.S.C. § 2423 Transportation
Reason new crimes was needed is that SC had explicitly stated that involuntary servitude==needed physical violence, threats or scheme plans not enough-Forced labor and the Sex trafficking
Forced Labor: Whoever knowingly provides or obtains the labor or services of a person
(1) by threats of serious harm to, or physical restraint against, that person or another person;
(2) by means of any scheme plan, or pattern intended to cause the person to believe that, if the person did not perform such labor or services, that person or another person would suffer serious harm or physical restraint; or
(3) by means of the abuse or threatened abuse of law or the legal process…”
Trafficking into servitude: Recruiting, harboring, transporting, providing, or obtaining by any means any persons for labor or services in violation of laws prohibiting slavery, involuntary servitude, debt bondage, or forced labor.
Sex Trafficking of Children or by Force, Fraud or Coercion:
Whoever knowingly – in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce Recruits, entices, harbors, transports, provides, or obtains by any means a person; or benefits, financially or by receiving anything of value, from participation in a venture Knowing that force, fraud or coercion will be used to cause the person to engage in a commercial sex act, or that the person has not attained the age of 18 years and will be caused to engage in a commercial sex act…

57. California State Law AB 22
Created a new felony Penal Code section which prohibits Human Trafficking
Prioritized victim protection along with prosecution
Benefits victims include right to civil action, right to be eligible assistance from state restitution fund, prioritizing access to witness protection programs, mandatory training for police on trafficking, establishes human trafficking task force, special case worker privilege form human trafficking case managers Just recently passed in last couple months was SB 1569—which also made victims eligible to access social services in CA. Gave you a handout with a cheat sheet of all the relevant provisions. Also provided page with key definitions. Prior to AB —made slavery crime in CA—but understanding it was never used.

58. Reporting a Case to Law Enforcement
Child MUST have an attorney to consult with to make this decision.
Minors do NOT need to report cases to receive federal OR State benefits and immigration status.
Some Minors may WANT to seek justice
Ensure they understand consequences of this decision
Once come forward can be compelled to testify
Minors can be detained as material witnesses
Could see increased threats to family in home country
Length of time involved in case can be one to two years
May need to talk about acts that expose her to criminal liability i.e. prostitution, drugs, document fraud, etc.

59. The Criminal Process: What To Expect
Government agencies may not be accustomed to cooperating with community agencies and vice versa
Case may take one to two years to complete
Investigation and prosecution will be re-traumatizing to the victim
NGOs may or may not be allowed to participate in the process
Advocate for your agency

60. Criminal Case Advocacy cont.
Victim’s attorneys assist their clients to cooperate with law enforcement agents by:
Informing them of their rights and role as a witness
Preparing them to testify
Explaining timelines and criminal process
Assisting with temporary restraining orders against traffickers
Following-up after trial with victim impact issues, restitution, return of property, documents, etc.
Providing legal case management

61. Civil Litigation
Briefly Civil Litigation. Interested have more advanced course on this—which take own 2 hours
Photos by J. Maillard, International Labour Organization
Photos by J. Maillard, International Labour Organization

62. Civil Remedies
Civil attorneys help their clients recover compensation and other damages from the traffickers by:
Pursuing the private right of action provided by the TVPRA.
Filing wage and hour complaints with the Department of Labor.
Filing discrimination complaints with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
Filing private suits for violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act, CA labor code, intentional torts and other civil rights laws.
Used with permission of Kathleen Kim

63. Rewards of Working With Trafficked and Enslaved Persons
New field of victim services
Highly motivated clients/witnesses
Assisting an “un-served” population
Laws exist to assist and protect survivors (federal and state)
Justice for survivors
This is human rights work dedicated to protecting the most basic right to bodily integrity and freedom
“I feel that I have been reincarnated… I have gained my freedom.” - CAST Client
Rewards far exceed challenges
Pioneers in anti-trafficking movement
We are serving a population that until recently has been not only underserved but unserved and there is great pride to take in this.
I want to share with you what a client said…
Refer to poem: psychological coercion
Photo Feruzzi/Los Angeles Times
El Monte Sweatshop Workers, 1999
© Coalition to Abolish Slavery & Trafficking (CAST), All Rights Reserved.

64. If you identify a trafficking survivor please contact Stephanie Richard, Managing Attorney Coalition to Abolish Slavery & Trafficking (CAST) (213) ext

65. Copyright Notice
© All rights reserved No part of this training curriculum may be reproduced, transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior expressed written  permission of Coalition to Abolish Slavery & Trafficking (CAST).