1. Jacque Kelly University of Hawaii at Manoa

2. After Oki et al 1999

3. TracerGroundwaterOceanMethod TemperatureColdWarmTIR Multiparameter Meter SalinityLow/HighHighMultiparameter Meter SilicaVery HighLowNutrient Analysis RadonVery HighLowIn-situ radon measurements RadiumVery HighLowWater collection for later measurement

4. Infrared Camera 7.5-13.5 μm Infrared Camera 7.5-13.5 μm Thermistors Sea Surface Water Temperature Top < 1 mm of water 3.2 m resolution 0.5 ° C resolution Sea Surface Water Temperature Top < 1 mm of water 3.2 m resolution 0.5 ° C resolution 2133 m GPS-INS

5. RAD-7 Submersible Pump Submersible Pump GPS & Depth Sounder GPS & Depth Sounder Air-Water Exchanger Air-Water Exchanger Multi-parameter Meter Multi-parameter Meter

6. After Johnson et al 2008

7. Easy determination of surface plume size Point source vs diffuse flow Tidally-modulated flow? Numerous locations along coastline Ocean-mixing characteristics After Johnson et al 2008

8. PEARL CITY PENINSULA HOUSING PEARL CITY PENINSULA HOUSING

9. PEARL CITY PENINSULA HOUSING PEARL CITY PENINSULA HOUSING

10. Rn concentration higher at intermediate depth than at surface High Rn concentration Extends from the coastline about 65 meters at depth Lens of fresher water underneath the main seawater column

11. Linking air-based and ground-based techniques provides a more comprehensive view of SGD than either technique alone Provide clues about the scale, character, and distribution of SGD over multiple time scales and investigation scales (local to regional)