1. ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE FORENSIC SCIENCE

2. I. INTRODUCTION. A. Forensic science is the application
  I. INTRODUCTION   A. Forensic science is the application of scientific knowledge and technology to criminal and civil law enforcement as it pertains to the framework of our justice system.  

3. 1. Forensic science has two. principle applications. a
1. Forensic science has two principle applications.   a. First, is to supply accurate and objective information that reflects the events that have occurred at a particular incident. (1) This includes crimes against the person or property

4. b. Second, forensic science monitors and
  b. Second, forensic science monitors and enforces compliance with existing legislation. This includes monitoring:
(1) food and water quality.   (2) the nature, potency and purity of pharmaceuticals.

5. (3). the production and release. of industrial pollutants and
(3) the production and release of industrial pollutants and motor vehicle emissions (4) the manufacture and use of agricultural - chemicals.

6. B. Forensic science is the scientific
  B. Forensic science is the scientific study that is specifically designed to assist the law enforcement community and the judicial system by applying science to the law.

7. 1. Forensic science uses highly. developed technologies to
  1. Forensic science uses highly developed technologies to uncover scientific evidence in a variety of fields.

8. 2. Forensics helps in crime. detection and investigation by:. a
  Forensics helps in crime detection and investigation by:   a. systematically examining a crime scene.
  b. identifying evidence at the crime scene c. evaluating and interpreting of physical evidence found at the crime scene.

9. C. When crimes are committed, the. person who commits the crime
  C. When crimes are committed, the person who commits the crime often leaves behind a record of himself or his actions in the form of physical evidence.  

10. 1. Forensic science is most. commonly used to investigate
    Forensic science is most commonly used to investigate criminal cases involving a victim, such as assault, robbery, kidnapping, rape, or murder.

11. D. The forensic scientist makes use. of a wide spectrum of scientific
  D. The forensic scientist makes use of a wide spectrum of scientific knowledge and skills he/she has developed through formal education and on-the-job training.

12. 1. A forensic scientist is called upon to
1. A forensic scientist is called upon to examine a variety of exhibits since almost any material found at a crime scene may be potential physical evidence.

13. 2. Examination may be as simple as. matching pieces of broken glass
  Examination may be as simple as matching pieces of broken glass found at the scene of a hit-and-run traffic accident.

14. 3. Examinations may involve the. use of very complex instruments
  Examinations may involve the use of very complex instruments of technology.   a. For example, in the analysis of a suspected cocaine sample or blood sample.

15. II. HISTORY OF FORENSIC SCIENCE. A. Combining the medical and legal
II. HISTORY OF FORENSIC SCIENCE   A. Combining the medical and legal approach to investigating crimes currently practiced in the United States today originated in 12th century England.

16. 1. King Richard I established the. Office of the Coroner. a
  King Richard I established the Office of the Coroner.   a. Main duty was to maintain a record of all criminal matters in the county.
b. Responsible for investigating all deaths regardless of whether it was the result of a suicide or homicide.

17. 2. Over time, the need for a more. scientific investigation of deaths
  Over time, the need for a more scientific investigation of deaths became apparent.   a. Coroners began calling on physicians for help.

18. b. Medical schools began to prepare
b. Medical schools began to prepare doctors for this added responsibility. (1) the University of Edinburgh in Scotland established the Department of Legal Medicine.

19. B. The early British colonists. brought the coroner system
  B. The early British colonists brought the coroner system with them to the America’s in the fifteenth century Coroners were appointed by a representative of the crown to investigate violent and unexplained deaths.

20.   After the American Revolution elected officials appointed coroners.   a. As medical involvement in the investigations of deaths increased, it became a requirement that investigators have a specific academic background.

21. b. 1877 – Massachusetts adopted a. statewide system called the Office
  b – Massachusetts adopted a statewide system called the Office of the Medical Examiner, to be headed by a physician.
c New York City established a medical examiner who was specifically authorized to investigate all:   (1) deaths resulting from criminal violence.

22. (2). accidental deaths and. suicides. (3). deaths that occurred
(2) accidental deaths and suicides (3) deaths that occurred suddenly to people who appeared to be in good physical health.  

23. C. The field of forensic science today is
C. The field of forensic science today is one of high-technology using the most advanced and sophisticated equipment. Some examples of these modern devices and techniques are:   the electron microscope.

24. 2. the use of lasers. 3. the use of ultraviolet and infrared light. 4
2. the use of lasers the use of ultraviolet and infrared light. 4. the use of advanced analytical chemical techniques. 5. the use of computerized databanks to analyze and research evidence.   

25. III. FORENSIC SCIENCE AND THE. LEGAL SYSTEM. A
  III. FORENSIC SCIENCE AND THE LEGAL SYSTEM   A. Modern forensic science has a broad range of applications in our criminal justice system.

26. 1. It is used to settle issues. in civil cases such as fraud,
  It is used to settle issues in civil cases such as fraud, forgery, or damages that are attributed to negligence.
  It can help law-enforcement officials determine whether a law or regulation has been violated in:   a. the marketing of foods and drinks.

27. b. the manufacture of medicines. c. the use of pesticides on crops.

28. 3. It can also determine whether. automobile emissions are within
3. It can also determine whether automobile emissions are within a permissible level and whether drinking water meets legal purity requirements.

29. B. Medical examiners are requested to give
  B. Medical examiners are requested to give expert testimony in court proceedings on a regular basis.
  Expert testimony is information provided by a specialist who has been recognized by the court as having expert knowledge about evidence in the case.   a. Expert testimony is governed by different rules.

30. 2. The average citizen is considered an
 2. The average citizen is considered an “ordinary” witness and their testimony is restricted to statements about what they actually saw or heard.   a. Ordinary witnesses may not state opinions about the facts of a case.
b. Ordinary witnesses may not quote statements made by other people to support their testimony.

31. 3. The expert witness on the other. hand is allowed to express an
3. The expert witness on the other hand is allowed to express an opinion about the validity of the evidence and may quote the statements of other experts that support their opinion.  

32. IV. THE MEDICAL EXAMINER. A. The central figure in the forensic
    IV. THE MEDICAL EXAMINER   A. The central figure in the forensic investigation of crimes involving a victim is the medical examiner.
  It is the medical examiner’s responsibility to:   a. go to the crime scene b. conduct an autopsy of the body in cases of death

33. c. examine available medical. evidence and appropriate
c. examine available medical evidence and appropriate laboratory reports d. examine the victim's previous medical history e. prepare a report for the district attorney outlining all pertinent information

34. B. Medical examiners are usually. physicians who specialize in
B. Medical examiners are usually physicians who specialize in forensic pathology - the study of structural and functional changes in the body as a resulting from injury.

35. 1. Their training and qualifications
  Their training and qualifications generally include having a medical degree and they have completed an apprenticeship in a medical examiner's office.

36. V. FORENSIC SCIENTISTS. A. Within the field of forensic science
  V. FORENSIC SCIENTISTS   A. Within the field of forensic science there are many areas in which forensic scientists chose to specialize. Some examples of those specialty areas are:   anthropology: (the study of human beings)

37. 2. forensic biology: chemistry,. and physics. 3
2. forensic biology: chemistry, and physics   odontology: (the study of teeth)   pathology: (the examination of body tissues and fluids)

38. 5. psychiatry: (the study of the human. mind). 6
  psychiatry: (the study of the human mind)   forensic toxicology: (the study of poisons, including drugs)   7. toolmarks: (consists of striations or impressions left by tools on objects)

39. 8. documents: (relationships. between documents and inscription). 9
  8. documents: (relationships between documents and inscription)   9. firearms: (characteristics between firearm and projectile, projectile and target)   10. forensic imaging: (image fraud detection – image analysis)

40. 11. latent fingerprints: (processing. latent finger prints on evidence
  latent fingerprints: (processing latent finger prints on evidence from crime scenes)   microscopy: (pertaining to the use of microscopes and microscopic evidence) polygraph: (recording variations in the heartbeat and respiratory movements)

41. B. Law enforcement agencies often. call upon forensic scientists who
  B. Law enforcement agencies often call upon forensic scientists who are specialists in these various fields for help in the investigation of a crime.

42. 1. Forensic anthropologists. determine the sex, height, weight,
  Forensic anthropologists determine the sex, height, weight, and ethnic group of a deceased person from an incomplete body.   a. Marks on the bones often indicate past injuries, diseases, and occupational stresses suffered by the individual.

43. b. Investigators can identify a body by
b. Investigators can identify a body by comparing old X-rays and the medical history of a missing person with the findings of the forensic anthropologist.

44. 2. Forensic odontologist’s examine. and characterize the teeth of
  2. Forensic odontologist’s examine and characterize the teeth of unidentified bodies when fingerprints or other identification is not available.   a. Dental charts of missing individuals can then be compared with the forensic odontologist's report to help identify the body.

45. 3. Forensic pathology deals with. the postmortem investigation
  3. Forensic pathology deals with the postmortem investigation of sudden and unexpected death.

46. a. Proximate cause of death. The initial injury that led
  a. Proximate cause of death. The initial injury that led to a sequence of events which caused the death of the victim. b. Immediate cause of death. The injury or disease that finally killed the individual.  

47. 4. Psychiatry, (the study of the. human mind). a
    4. Psychiatry, (the study of the human mind)   a. Involves mental illness and disorder. b. Causes of mental illness and disorder.

48. c. The diagnosis and treatment of. disorders. d
c. The diagnosis and treatment of disorders. d. May also be used in profiling (1) Investigators can examine certain evidence found at crime scenes to come up with a personality profile of the offender.

49. 5. Whenever drugs or poisons. are involved in a crime, the
  5. Whenever drugs or poisons are involved in a crime, the investigating agency may obtain the services of a toxicologist.   a. Toxicologists detect and identify any drugs or poisons present in a person's body fluids, tissues, and organs.

50. b. This type of investigation is. conducted on both the victim and,
b. This type of investigation is conducted on both the victim and, the suspected perpetrator of the crime when possible.

51. VI. EXAMINING EVIDENCE. A. The medical expert investigates
  VI. EXAMINING EVIDENCE   A. The medical expert investigates many different types of violent crimes.
1. The medical examiner must try to determine whether a violent death was an accident, a suicide, or an unlawful homicide (murder).

52. 2. The medical examiner must. conduct an investigation of the
  The medical examiner must conduct an investigation of the crime scene and perform an autopsy to determine cause of death.

53. B. Cases involving firearms. 1. In cases involving gunshot
  B. Cases involving firearms.   In cases involving gunshot wounds, the medical examiner will look for gunpowder residues that may be left on: a. the clothing of the victim b. the area around any wounds on the victim.

54. 2. This information will be used to. estimate how far away the gun
2. This information will be used to estimate how far away the gun was when the victim was shot.   This may also help determine whether the gun was fired by the victim or another person.

55. C. Cases involving knives. 1. When knife wounds are involved,
  C. Cases involving knives When knife wounds are involved, the medical examiner must distinguish between a cut and a stab wound.
  a. A cut is an injury that is longer than it is deep b. A stab wound is an injury that is deeper than it is long.

56. 2. The examiner also looks for self-defense
  2. The examiner also looks for self-defense wounds, cuts that are caused when an intended victim grabs the knife of an assailant.
  3. Cuts, are commonly involved with suicide.   a. There are usually numerous superficial parallel cuts visible on the body.

57. b. These type of cuts indicate. repeated attempts, before
b. These type of cuts indicate repeated attempts, before the individual was able to make the final deep cut.   (1) These cuts are called hesitation wounds. (2) They indicate a suicide rather than a homicide.

58. D. Investigations involving asphyxiation. 1. Medical examiners are
  D. Investigations involving asphyxiation.   Medical examiners are also called upon to investigate cases of death from lack of oxygen in the blood.

59. a. Asphyxiation may be the result of:. (1). hanging, which may be an
  a. Asphyxiation may be the result of: (1) hanging, which may be an accident, suicide, or a homicide that could be lawful or unlawful (2) death by strangulation at the hands of another.

60. (3). obstruction of the victim's. air passage by an object
(3) obstruction of the victim's air passage by an object in the throat. (4) suffocation caused by a gas such as in carbon monoxide poisoning.

61. 2. Deaths involving carbon. monoxide poisoning in a closed
  Deaths involving carbon monoxide poisoning in a closed garage with no marks found on the body usually indicate a suicide.   a. The presence of tools around the car and grease found on the victim's hands suggests an accidental death.

62. b. A wound caused by a blow. to the head and the absence
b. A wound caused by a blow to the head and the absence of carbon monoxide in the blood would indicate an attempt to make a homicide look as if it where a suicide.    

63. VII. TECHNIQUES OF FORENSIC SCIENCE. A. Forensic science uses the
  VII. TECHNIQUES OF FORENSIC SCIENCE   A. Forensic science uses the most sophisticated laboratory equipment and techniques.

64. 1. Forensic technology is used to. detect the presence of substances
  Forensic technology is used to detect the presence of substances in victims, suspected criminals, and at the crime scene.   a. Alcohol breath-testing instruments are so accurate that their results are capable of providing evidence in court.

65. b. Gas chromatography permits. detection of alcohol and
b. Gas chromatography permits detection of alcohol and other drugs, such as barbiturates, cocaine, amphetamines, and heroin.
Ion Chromatography System

66. 2. When a body is discovered in a. lake, or
  When a body is discovered in a lake, or river and the lungs are filled with water the medical examiner must determine if the drowning occurred where the body was found or at some other location.

67. a. A microscope is used to look for. the presence or absence of
  a. A microscope is used to look for the presence or absence of diatoms, single-celled algae found in all natural bodies of water. b. An absence of diatoms raises the possibility the drowning took place in a sink or bathtub since diatoms are filtered from household water.

68.   3. Microscopes that can magnify objects 100,000 times are used to detect the minute gunpowder particles left on the hand of a person who has recently fired a gun a. Chemical analysis of these particles can help identify their origin from a particular type of bullet.

69. B. Forensic examination of substances
  B. Forensic examination of substances found at the scene of a crime often establish the presence of the suspect at the scene.

70. 1. One of the oldest techniques. of forensic science is dusting the
1. One of the oldest techniques of forensic science is dusting the crime scene for fingerprints.   a. In one method of obtaining a fingerprint, a fine powder is spread over a surface with a brush or magnetic wand. 

71. (1). The powder sticks to. proteins secreted by the
(1) The powder sticks to proteins secreted by the sweat glands on the skin ridges of the fingertips. (2) When the excess powder is removed, an outline of the contours of the ridges remains.

72. 2. Another method of obtaining a. fingerprint is to chemically treat
  Another method of obtaining a fingerprint is to chemically treat the print to reveal the contours.   a. Since no two fingerprints are the same, fingerprinting provides a positive means of identifying someone.

73. 3. Computer technology now allows
  Computer technology now allows fingerprints to be recorded digitally and transmitted electronically for rapid identification.

74. 4. Other types of evidence often. found at a crime scene includes
  4. Other types of evidence often found at a crime scene includes blood, hair, skin, or semen.   a. Technology now allow scientists to examine a persons (DNA), or genetic material, to establish whether they belong to the victim or to a suspected assailant.

75. b. The use of DNA for such identification
b. The use of DNA for such identification purposes is commonly referred to as DNA fingerprinting.

76. 5. Human bite marks can also be. used as circumstantial evidence. a
  Human bite marks can also be used as circumstantial evidence a. Bites may be found on the body of a homicide victim or other objects found at the crime scene.

77. b. Forensic scientists may fill. impressions caused by human
b. Forensic scientists may fill impressions caused by human bites with liquid plastic.   (1) The hardened cast formed is a very accurate replica of the assailant's teeth. (2) This replica can be compared with a cast made from the teeth of the suspect.

78. VIII. FIREARMS AND TOOLMARK. IDENTIFICATION. A
VIII. FIREARMS AND TOOLMARK IDENTIFICATION   A. Firearms examination involves the identifying characteristics between firearm and projectile, projectile and target.
  This generally includes matching bullets to the gun that is believed to have fired them.
Ballistics Microscope

79. B. Toolmark identification involves. the identifying characteristics
  B. Toolmark identification involves the identifying characteristics between tools, such as a pry bar, and objects such as a door frame it was used to pry open.

80. C. Included in this category would. be explosives and imprint evidence
  C. Included in this category would be explosives and imprint evidence.   1. The majority of physical evidence collected concerns itself with two types of characteristics.

81. a. Class characteristics that. are common to a group of
  a.   Class characteristics that are common to a group of similar objects.   (1) All Air Jordan sneakers have the same shape and same tread design on the bottom.  

82. b. Individual characteristics are. unique to a given object and set
  b. Individual characteristics are unique to a given object and set it apart from similar objects.  (1) Air Jordans worn over time cause the treads wear to down They get little pits and gouges in them. 

83. (2). These little pits and gouges. are individual to a specific
(2) These little pits and gouges are individual to a specific shoe since no one has walked over the exact same surfaces in the exact same way in their Air Jordans.  

84. D. The concepts of class and. individual
  D. The concepts of class and individual characteristics are most important in firearms examination.   The purpose of the firearms examination is to match a bullet to the gun that fired it and exclude all others.
Test Fire for Comparison

85. E. Bullet Matching. 1. Rifling gives the bullet a
  E. Bullet Matching.   Rifling gives the bullet a signature marking that is unique to the weapon that fired it.  

86. a. Rifling is the result of the manufacturing
  a. Rifling is the result of the manufacturing process of the firearm and serves to put spin on the bullet.   (1) Rifling improves accuracy.
Probably the most common method used today to rifle barrels is button rifling. Button rifling uses a different approach to forming the grooves in the barrel.  A button as seen above is a very hard steel plug that is forced down an unrifled barrel.

87. 2. Rifling consists of lands and. groves that spiral down the gun
  Rifling consists of lands and groves that spiral down the gun barrel.   a. As the bullet passes down the barrel, microscopic scratches from the lands and grooves mark the bullet.  

88. b. These microscopic scratches. are the result of the
b. These microscopic scratches are the result of the manufacturing process and are totally unique to a particular firearm.
Hammer Forged 6-Right Polygonal Rifling Pattern
Valley
Hill

89. 3. Comparison tests are made in. the lab by test firing a bullet
  Comparison tests are made in the lab by test firing a bullet through the suspect weapon.     a. The test fired bullet is then compared under a comparison microscope, side by side, to the bullet recovered from the crime scene.  

90. b. The bullets are rotated until. the striations can be made
b. The bullets are rotated until the striations can be made to line up, showing a match.     (1) If the striations cannot be lined up, the result is negative.

91. F. Imprint Evidence. 1. There are two basic types of imprint evidence.
a. Three dimensional impressions, in which an object is pressed into something soft that will retain the impression of that object. (1) Stepping into mud and leaving a shoe print would be an example.

92. b. Two dimensional impressions,. in which objects transfer an
  b. Two dimensional impressions, in which objects transfer an image from one surface to another.   (1) Paint coats the bottom of the shoe when a person steps into spilled paint.

93. (2). It is then transferred to another surface
(2) It is then transferred to another surface when the person steps in an area free of paint.   (3) When the shoe is removed from the paint the paint removed by the shoe creates a negative image of the bottom of the shoe in the paint spill.

94. 2. Impression evidence is not just. used for shoes, impression
  Impression evidence is not just used for shoes, impression evidence can also be used with tire impressions and toolmarks.   a. Wheel base may help to narrow down the make of the car.

95. b. The tread design itself can. narrow down the list of. possible cars
b. The tread design itself can narrow down the list of possible cars.   (1) Individual tire wear will show up in the impression.

96. G. Toolmark Evidence (three types. of toolmark impressions). 1
  G. Toolmark Evidence (three types of toolmark impressions) Compression, in which a tool surface presses into a softer material;  

97. 2. Sliding, in which a tool. (such as a knife) scrapes
2. Sliding, in which a tool   (such as a knife) scrapes across a surface causing parallel striations;   Cutting, which is a combination of the above two types (such as a  scissor cut).

98. 4. All three types can yield class. and individual characteristics. a
  All three types can yield class and individual characteristics.     a. Marks left on a window frame from a pry bar can be matched back to that specific pry bar.

99. H. Explosives. 1. Explosives residue can be. analyzed to determine the
  H. Explosives Explosives residue can be analyzed to determine the type of explosive used in a particular detonation.

100. 2. Many manufacturers are now. putting chemical tags in their
  Many manufacturers are now putting chemical tags in their explosives that will allow for tracking of specific batches by chemical composition.

101. IX. FORENSIC PSYCHIATRY AND PROFILING. A
  IX. FORENSIC PSYCHIATRY AND PROFILING   A. Forensic Psychiatry defines mental illness and disorders, what creates them, how they are diagnosed and how they are treated.

102. 1. Mental illness cases: the. individual. does not function well
  Mental illness cases: the individual does not function well in reality because of emotional fluctuations or distorted point of view interpretation.

103. 2. Mental disorder cases: a clinically significant behavior or pattern associated with distress, disability or significant risk of suffering death.

104. B. Diagnosis is a medical. classification that allows
  B. Diagnosis is a medical classification that allows for communication between professionals, allows for prediction of illness and indicates the best course of treatment.

105. C. The issue of incompetency. is fitness to stand trial. 1
  C. The issue of incompetency is fitness to stand trial.     The accused must understand what is going on in order to help in their own defense.  

106. 2. The three grounds for incompetency are: a. emotional/psychological factors, b. cognitive or intellectual factors, c. and physical factors.  

107. 3. An individual must undergo a. competency evaluation if this
  3. An individual must undergo a competency evaluation if this assertion is made.  

108. D. The issue of insanity applies to. the mental state of the defendant
  D. The issue of insanity applies to the mental state of the defendant at the time the crime was committed.     The defendant must concede guilt when entering the insanity plea.

109. 2. The defendant claims to have. committed the crime while
  The defendant claims to have committed the crime while mentally impaired and did not know right from wrong or what they were doing.     The defendant must prove they have a profound defect of mental ability.  

110. E. Profiling is the process by which. a trained forensic psychologist
E. Profiling is the process by which a trained forensic psychologist examines the aspects of a crime scene to develop a description of the personality of the perpetrator.
  1. This profile can include:   a. age, sex, occupation, upbringing, b. behavioral disorders, marital status,

111. c. the type of place the. perpetrator would live in,. d
c. the type of place the perpetrator would live in, d. what type of car he drives,
e. if he has a speech impediment, f. or some other type of disability.

112. 2. Profiles can tell you how. the crime was committed. a
  Profiles can tell you how the crime was committed.     a. Information can be learned about the perpetrator of a serial crime just by looking at how that crime was committed.  

113. F. Profiling works because countless
  F. Profiling works because countless hours have been spent interviewing hundreds of convicted criminals, learning about their crimes, motives, methods and personalities.     These databases help investigators in making conclusions from what they view at a crime scene.

114. 2. Databases draw on thousands. of man-hours of research and
  Databases draw on thousands of man-hours of research and interviews and has proven to be extremely accurate.

115. G. Profiling does not produce a name. 1. It does produce a detailed
  G. Profiling does not produce a name.     It does produce a detailed personality profile of a perpetrator that investigators can use to focus an investigation.

116.   X. QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION   A. This area of forensics involves all special relationships that may exist between document and inscription and how it relates to a person or sequence of events.

117. 1. This includes forgery, counterfeiting, and handwriting analysis.

118. B. Questioned document. examination involves many. areas of expertise
  B. Questioned document examination involves many areas of expertise.     Included are the following disciplines:   a. handwriting, typewriting,

119. b. photocopying and. computer printers,. c. forgery, paper and inks,
b. photocopying and computer printers, c. forgery, paper and inks, writing instruments, d. computer disks, gambling machinery,

120. e. stamps (as in the rubber pad kind) f. and the dating of documents.

121. C. Handwriting analysis. 1. Handwriting analysis involves
  C. Handwriting analysis   1. Handwriting analysis involves detailed examination of the design, shape and structure of handwriting to determine authorship of a given handwriting sample.

122. 2. The basic principle underlying. handwriting analysis is that no two
  The basic principle underlying handwriting analysis is that no two people write the exact same thing the exact same way.     a. Each individual develops unique peculiarities and characteristics in their handwriting.  

123. 3. Handwriting analysis looks at:. a. letter formations,. b
  Handwriting analysis looks at: a. letter formations, b. connecting strokes between the letters,

124. c. upstrokes, retraces, down. strokes, spacing,. d
c. upstrokes, retraces, down strokes, spacing, d. curves, size, distortions, hesitations, e. and a number of other characteristics of handwriting.  

125. 4. By careful examination a. determination can be made as
  By careful examination a determination can be made as to whether or not the authorship of a handwritten document is genuine.  

126. D. Typewriting. 1. Individual characteristics
  D. Typewriting Individual characteristics are either inherent in the machining process of a manufactured item, or come about through the wear and tear in the use of an object.  

127. All typewriters of a particular make and model are pretty much the same.   (1) Through use, typewriters will develop defects that translate to paper when the machine is used.   (2) The defects left on the typed page can be matched back to the typewriter that was used to create it.

128. b. Defects in the type face can. be identified by:. (1)
b. Defects in the type face can be identified by:   (1) letter misalignment (2) a letter failing to print evenly

129. c. Ribbons are a major. evidentiary component. (1)
  c. Ribbons are a major evidentiary component.     (1) It is possible to read a ribbon to see what it has been used to type.

130. E. Photocopiers and Laser Printers. 1. Photocopiers and laser
  E. Photocopiers and Laser Printers Photocopiers and laser printers use the same type of process to print a page.  

131. 2. With a photocopier, the original
  2. With a photocopier, the original document is placed on the glass platen.   a. By use of a reflected light the document is exposed to a drum covered with a photosensitive material.  

132. b. The document image exists on the. drum as an invisible positive
  b. The document image exists on the drum as an invisible positive photoelectric charge.     c. Negatively charged toner (a powder), is sprinkled onto the drum, where it sticks to only the positively charged areas to create a visible image.

133. d. Paper, with a positive charge,. passes the drum resulting in
  d. Paper, with a positive charge, passes the drum resulting in the negatively charged toner being transferred to the paper.     e. The toner is heat sealed to the paper, creating the printed copy.

134.   With a laser printer, the image of the original document is held by a computer in its memory.   a. The document is then sent to the photosensitive drum by use of a laser creating a printed copy.

135. 4. There are several ways to match a page
  4. There are several ways to match a page back to a photocopier or laser printer:     a. The paper itself can yield many clues.   (1) Look for marks from the belts, pinchers, rollers and gears that physically move the paper through a machine.

136. b. How the toner was placed on and fused to the paper may leave unique characteristics.    (1) Toner may clump up on the drum, transferring smears or splotches of toner at atime to the printed page.  

137. c. Marks on the optics (glass platen,
  c. Marks on the optics (glass platen, lenses, mirrors) used to transfer or create an image on paper might contain unique defects like scratches that will leave tell tale marks on the printed page.

138.   F. Forgery   Forgery is the false making or material altering of any written document with intent to defraud.  

139. 2. There are four basic types. of forgery. a. Traced. (1)
2. There are four basic types of forgery.   a. Traced   (1) There are several ways to make a traced forgery:   (a) by use of overlays (tracing paper),

140. (b). by the use of transmitted. light. (as with a light board),. (c)
(b) by the use of transmitted light (as with a light board), (c) by tracing the indentations left in the page underneath the original writing

141. b. Simulation. (1). Copying of writing from a
  b. Simulation   (1) Copying of writing from a genuine article; trying to imitate the handwriting of the original.  

142. (2). Simulation forgeries are easy. to detect. (a)
  (2) Simulation forgeries are easy to detect.   (a) It is very difficult to copy someone else’s handwriting.   (b) The style will not be as fluid (c) The forged writing will show tremors, and hesitations in letter quality.

143. c. Freehand. (1). Forgeries written with no
  c. Freehand   (1) Forgeries written with no knowledge of the appearance of the original; just writing off the top of your head and passing it off as something else. (2) Freehand forgeries are the easiest to detect.

144. d. Lifted. (1). In this type forgery, tape
d. Lifted   (1) In this type forgery, tape is used to lift off a signature, then place it on another document.

145. this concludes Crime Scene Investigation