1. Microprocessors through the Ages A brief history of the microprocessor
Thomas G. Cleaver University of Louisville Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering October 15, 2012

2. Year Motorola Intel Notes <1970 The Dark Ages 1971 4004
First microprocessor.
4-bit.
Add/subtract only.
2300 transistors.
108 kHz clock speed.
1972
8008
First 8-bit processor.
1974
8080
Better 8-bit processor.
1975
6800
Synertek 6502 (Apple II, Pet, Kim I, Commodore 64).
Zilog Z80 (TRS 80) – Tomahawk cruise missile.
Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak

3. Year Motorola Intel Notes 1979 68000 68008 8086 8088
8088: 8-bit data bus, 16-bit registers; used in IBM PC (1982).
8086: 16-bit data bus, 16-bit registers.
68000: 16-bit data bus, 32-bit registers; used in LISA (1983), Macintosh (1984), Amiga (1985), Palm Pilot PDA (1996), TI-89 calculator (1998), space shuttle
1982
68020
80286
Cache memory.
80286: Still 16-bit data bus and registers.
68020: 32-bit data bus and registers.
IBM PC introduced.
Bill Gates.

4. Year Motorola Intel Notes 1985 68030 80386 More cache, faster.
80386: 32-bit address bus, 32-bit data bus.
Microsoft Windows introduced.
1989
68040
80486
More cache, faster, on-board coprocessor.
1993
68060
Pentium
Superscalar, superpipelined.
1997
PowerPC
Pentium II
PowerPC: Abandons CISC and introduces RISC architecture
1999
Pentium III
Power Mac introduced, using PowerPC.
2000
Pentium IV
Ultrapipelined, 1 GHz
2001
Itanium
64-bit

5. Year Motorola Intel Notes 2003 PowerPC G5
PowerPC G5: 58 million transistors, 2 GHz, 64-bit registers and buses.
2004
Motorola spins off Freescale and stops making series microprocessors.
2006
Core 2 Solo & Duo
64-bit, duo has 2 processor cores, 4 MB level 2 cache, 253 million transistors, 3 GHz.
2007
Core 2 Quad
4 processor cores.
2009
Core i7,
Proto-type
Core i7: Up to 4 processor cores, 2-3 GHz, 6-8 MB cache.
Prototype: 48 processor cores, 1.3 billion transistors.

6. Microprocessor feature size and its effects
Year
Intel Chip
Feature
Size
Operating
Voltage
Notes
1971
4004
10 microns
15 V
1 micron = 10-6 m
1974
8080
6 microns
5 V
1985
80386
1.5 microns
1997
Pentium II
350 nm
1 nm = 10-9 m
1999
Pentium III
250 nm
2 V
Power density issues
2006
Core Solo
65 nm
1.5 V?
Quantum tunneling
2007
Dual & Quad
45 nm
1.2 V
2009
32 nm
0.85 V
2012
22 nm ?

7. Power in VLSI Chips