1. IEC 61508 – IEC 61511 Presentation G.M. International Safety Inc.
Document last revised October 1st 2005
G.M. International Safety Inc.
P.O. Box 25581
Garfield Heights, OH 44125
USA

2. Standard Definitions IEC 61508
Title: Standard for Functional Safety of
Electrical / Electronic / Programmable Electronic
Safety-Related System
IEC 61511
Title: Safety Instrumented Systems for the
Process Industry
has been developed as a Process Sector of IEC 61508

3. Standard History
The IEC was conceived to define and harmonize a method to reduce risks for human beings
and/or reduce valuable loss for all industrial and non industrial environments.
The IEC integrates and extends
American Standard ISA-S84.01 (1996)
and German DIN (1994).

4. Standard Requirements

5. Other related standards
DIN (1994)
Title: “Fundamental Safety aspects to be considered for measuring and control equipment”
Deals with Quantitative Risk Analysis used for Part 5 of IEC 61508, classification in AK classes 1-8 similar to SIL levels
ISA-S84.01 (1996)
Title: “Application of Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) for the process industry”
Defines Safety Lifecycles assuming Risk analysis and SIL been carried out.

6. Fundamental Concepts Risk Reduction and Risk Reduction Factor (RRF)
Safety Integrity Level (SIL)
Independence Levels and consequences
Probability of Failure on Demand (PFD)
Reliability
Availability
Failure Rate (λ)
Proof Test Interval between two proof tests (T[Proof])
Failure In Time (FIT)
Mean Time To Failure (MTTF)
Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF)
Mean Time To Repair (MTTR)
Safe Failure Fraction (SFF)
Safety Lifecycle
Safety Instrumented System (SIS)

7. As Low As Reasonably Practicable or Tolerable Risk
Fundamental Concepts
Risk Reduction
As Low As Reasonably Practicable or Tolerable Risk
(ALARP ZONE)

8. Fundamental Concepts
Risk Reduction

9. Probability of Failure on Demand
Fundamental Concepts
PFDavg / RRF
Correlation between
Probability of Failure on Demand
and
Risk Reduction Factor

10. Safety Integrity Level (SIL)
Fundamental Concepts
Safety Integrity Level (SIL)
SIL levels (Safety Integrity Level)
RRF (Risk Reduction Factor)
PFD avg (Average Probability of Failure on Demand)
SIL Table for Demand and Continuous mode of Operation

11. Independence Levels Assessment Independence Level
Fundamental Concepts
Independence Levels
Assessment Independence Level
as a function of consequences

12. Reliability Reliability is a function of operating time.
Fundamental Concepts
Reliability
Reliability is a function of operating time.
All reliability functions start from reliability one and decrease to reliability zero. The device must be successful for an entire time interval.
The statement: “Reliability = 0.76 for a time of hs” makes perfect sense.
R(t) = P(T>t)

13. Fundamental Concepts
Reliability
Reliability is the probability that a device will perform its intended function when required to do so,
if operated within its specified design limits.
The device “intended function” must be known.
“When the device is required to function” must be judged.
“Satisfactory performance” must be determined.
The “specified design limits” must be known.
Mathematically reliability is the probability that a device
will be successful in the time interval from zero to t
in term of a random variable T.

14. Fundamental Concepts
Availability
Availability is the probability that a device is successful at
time t.
No time interval is involved.
A device is available if it’s operating.
The measure of success is MTTF (Mean Time To Failure)

15. Failure Rate Categories
Fundamental Concepts
Failure Rate Categories
λ tot = λ safe + λ dangerous
λ s = λ sd + λ su
λ d = λ dd + λ du
λ tot = λ sd + λ su + λ dd + λ du
Where:
sd = Safe detected
su = Safe undetected
dd = Dangerous detected
du = Dangerous undetected

16. Fundamental Concepts
FIT
Failure In Time is the number of failures per one billion devices hours.
1 FIT = 1 Failure in 109 hours =
= 10-9 Failures per hour

17. Fundamental Concepts
MTTF
MTTF is an indication of the average successful operating time of a device (system) before a failure in any mode.
MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures)
MTBF = MTTF + MTTR
MTTF = MTBF - MTTR
MTTR (Mean Time To Repair)
Since (MTBF >> MTTR) MTBF is very near to MTTF in value.

18. MTBF and Failure Rate Relation between MTBF and Failure Rate λ
Fundamental Concepts
MTBF and Failure Rate
Relation between MTBF and Failure Rate λ
Failure per unit time
λ = =
Quantity Exposed MTBF
1 Quantity Exposed
MTBF = =
λ Failure per unit time

19. λ = ------------------------------- = ----------------- =
Fundamental Concepts
MTBF - Example
Instantaneous failure rate is commonly used as measure of reliability.
Eg. 300 Isolators have been operating for 10 years. 3 failures have occurred. The average failure rate of the isolators is:
Failure per unit time
λ = = =
Quantity Exposed *10*8760
= per hour =
= 38 FIT (Failure per billion hours) =
= 38 probabilities of failure in one billion hours.
MTBF = 1 / λ = 303 years (for constant failure rate)

20. SFF (Safe Failure Fraction)
Fundamental Concepts
SFF (Safe Failure Fraction)
SFF summarizes the fraction of failures,
which lead to a safe state and the fraction of failure
which will be detected by diagnostic measure
and lead to a defined safety action

21. Fundamental Concepts
Type A SFF Chart
Type A components are described as simple devices with well-known failure modes and a solid history of operation

22. Fundamental Concepts
Type B SFF Chart
Type B: “Complex” component (using micro controllers or programmable logic); according of IEC

23. Fundamental Concepts
HSE Study
Results of system failure cause study done by English “Health and Safety Executive” (HSE)

24. Safety Lifecycle Origin
Fundamental Concepts
Safety Lifecycle Origin

25. Fundamental Concepts
Safety Lifecycle 1/5

26. Safety Lifecycle 2/5 First portion of the overall safety lifecycle
Fundamental Concepts
Safety Lifecycle 2/5
First portion of the overall safety lifecycle
ANALYSIS (End user / Consultant)

27. Realisation activities in the overall safety lifecycle
Fundamental Concepts
Safety Lifecycle 3/5
Realisation activities in the overall safety lifecycle

28. Safety Lifecycle 4/5 Safety lifecycle for the E/E/PES
Fundamental Concepts
Safety Lifecycle 4/5
Safety lifecycle for the E/E/PES
(Electrical / Electronic / Programmable Electronic)
Safety - Related System (IEC 61508, Part 2)

29. Safety Lifecycle 5/5 Last portion of the overall safety lifecycle
Fundamental Concepts
Safety Lifecycle 5/5
Last portion of the overall safety lifecycle
OPERATION (End User / Contractor)

30. SIS SIS (Safety Instrumented System)
Fundamental Concepts
SIS
SIS (Safety Instrumented System)
according to IEC and IEC 61511

31. Safety Instrumented Systems
IEC 61511
Safety Instrumented Systems
for Process Industry
IEC has been developed as a Process Sector implementation of the IEC
The Safety Lifecycle forms the central framework which links together most of the concepts in this standard, and evaluates process risks and SIS performance requirements (availability and risk reduction).
Layers of protection are designed and analyzed.
A SIS, if needed, is optimally designed to meet particular process risk.

32. Process sector system standard
IEC 61511
Process sector system standard

33. The Standard is divided into three Parts
IEC 61511
IEC Parts
The Standard is divided into three Parts
Part 1: Framework, Definitions, Systems, Hardware and Software Requirements
Part 2: Guidelines in the application of IEC
Part 3: Guidelines in the application of hazard and risk analysis

34. IEC 61511
IEC Part 3
Guidelines in the application of hazard and risk analysis

35. Failure Modes and Effects Diagnostic Analysis (FMEDA)
Is one of the steps taken to achieve functional safety assessment of a device per IEC and is considered to be a systematic way to:
identify and evaluate the effects of each potential component failure mode;
classify failure severity;
determine what could eliminate or reduce the chance of failure;
document the system (or sub-system) under analysis.

36. FMEDA The following assumptions are usually made during the FMEDA
Constant Failure Rates (wear out mechanisms not included)
Propagation of failures is not relevant
Repair Time = 8 hours
Stress levels according IEC , Class C (sheltered location), with temperature limits within the manufacturer’s rating and an average temperature over a long period of time of 40°C

37. FMEDA

38. SIL level is the lowest in the loop.
1oo1 Architecture
PFDavg (T1) = λdd * RT + λdu * T1/2
because RT (avg. repair time) is << T1
PFDavg = λdu * T1/2
λdu = λdu (sensor) + λdu(isolator) + λdu(controller) + λdu(final element)
SIL level is the lowest in the loop.

39. PFDavg = (λdun* T1)2/2 + (λdun* T1)2 /3
1oo2 Architecture
PFDavg = λduc * (T1/2) + λddc * RT+(λddn* RT)2 + (λddn* RT * λdun* T1)2/2 + (λdun* T1)2 /3
PFDavg = (λdun* T1)2/2 + (λdun* T1)2 /3

40. 2oo3 Architecture
PFDavg = λduc * (T1/2) + 3[λddc * RT+(λddn* RT)2 + (λddn* RT * λdun* T1)2/2 + (λdun* T1)2 /3]

41. SIL3 using SIL2 subsystem
SIL3 Control Loop or Safety Function using SIL2 Sub-Systems in 1oo2 Architecture

42. Safety Manual
A Safety Manual is a document provided to users of a product that specifies their responsibilities for installation and operation in order to maintain the design safety level.
The following information shall be available for each safety-related sub-system ..

43. Safety Manual Requirements
Functional specification and safety function
Estimated rate of failure in any mode which would cause both undetected and detected safety function dangerous failures
Environment and lifetime limits for the sub-system
Periodic Proof Tests and/or maintenance requirements
T proof test time interval
Information necessary for PFDavg, MTTR, MTBF, SFF, λdu, λtotal
Hardware fault tolerance and failure categories
Highest SIL that can be claimed (not required for proven in use sub-systems)
Documentary evidence for sub-system’s validation (EXIDA)
Proof Test Procedures to reveal dangerous faults which are undetected by diagnostic tests.

44. SIL Table for operative modes “high” and “low” demand
Using the Safety Manual
Standard references
Remembering that:
SIL (Safety Integrity Level)
RRF (Risk Reduction Factor)
PFD avg (Average Probability of Failure on Demand)
SIL Table for operative modes “high” and “low” demand

45. Using the Safety Manual
Standard references
Remembering definitions given for type “A” and “B” components,
sub-systems, and related SFF values

46. Loop PFDavg calculation
Using the Safety Manual
Loop PFDavg calculation
1oo1 typical control loop
PFDavg(sys) = PFDavg(tx) + PFDavg(i) + PFDavg(c) + PFDavg(fe)

47. Loop PFDavg calculation
Using the Safety Manual
Loop PFDavg calculation
For calculating the entire loop’s reliability (Loop PFDavg), PFDavg values for each sub-systems must first be found and be given a proportional value (“weight”) compared to the total 100%.
This duty is usually assigned to personnel in charge of plant’s safety, process and maintenance.

48. Loop PFDavg calculation
Using the Safety Manual
Loop PFDavg calculation
Equation for 1oo1 loop
Where:
RT = repair time in hours (conventionally 8 hours)
T1 = T proof test, time between circuit functional tests ( years)
λdd = failure rate for detected dangerous failures
λdu = failure rate for undetected dangerous failures

49. Loop PFDavg calculation
Using the Safety Manual
Loop PFDavg calculation
If T1 = 1 year then
but being λdd * 8 far smaller than λdu * 4380

50. For D1014 λdu is equal to 34 FIT (see manual)
Using the Safety Manual
Example 1
PFDavg = λdu * T1/2
For D1014 λdu is equal to 34 FIT (see manual)
Therefore
PFDavg = 34 * 10-9 * 4380 =
= 0, = FIT

51. Using the Safety Manual
Example 2
“Weights” of each sub-system in the loop must be verified in relation with expected SIL level PFDavg and data from the device’s safety manual.
For example, supposing SIL 2 level to be
achieved by the loop on the right in a low
demand mode:
PFDavg(sys) is between 10-3 and 10-2 per year
“Weight” of D1014 Isolator is 10%
Therefore PFDavg(i) should be between 10-4 and 10-3 per year.

52. Using the Safety Manual
Example 2
Given the table above (in the safety manual) conclusions are:
Being D1014 a type A component with SFF = 90%, it can be used both in SIL 2 and SIL 3 applications.
PFDavg with T proof = 1yr allows SIL3 applications
PFDavg with T proof = 5yr allows SIL2 applications
PFDavg with T proof = 10yr allows SIL1 applications

53. Using the Safety Manual
1oo2 architecture
What happens if the total PFDavg does not reach the wanted SIL 2 level, or the end user requires to reach a higher SIL 3 level?
The solution is to use a 1oo2 architecture which offers very low PFDavg, thus increasing fail-safe failure probabilities.

54. 1oo2 architecture Using the Safety Manual For D1014S (1oo1):
PFDavg = λdu* T1/2
PFDavg = FIT
For D1014D (1oo2):
PFDavg = (λdun* T1)2/2 + (λdun* T1)2 /3
PFDavg = 75 FIT
In this case a 1oo2 architecture gives a 2000 times smaller PFDavg for the sub-system

55. Final considerations Using the Safety Manual
Always check that the Safety Manual contains information necessary for the calculation of SFF and PFDavg values.
Between alternative suppliers, choose the one that offers:
highest SIL level,
highest SFF value,
longest T[proof] time interval for the same SIL level,
lowest value of PFDavg for the same T[proof].
When in presence of units with more than one channel and only one power supply circuit, the safety function allows the use of only one channel. Using both of the channels is allowed only when supply is given by two independent power circuits (like D1014D).
Check that the Safety Manual provides all proof tests procedures to detect dangerous undetected faults.

56. Credits and Contacts G.M. International Safety Inc. P.O.BOX 25581
Garfield Heights, OH 44125
USA
Toll Free:
Document last revised October 1st 2005