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Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader

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1 Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader
Chapter 03 Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry

2 Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader
Outline Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry Organic vs Inorganic Functional Groups and Isomers Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

3 Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader
Organic Molecules Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry Inorganic – Chemistry of elements other than carbon Organic – Carbon-based chemistry Inorganic Organic Usually with + & - ions Always contain carbon and hydrogen Usually ionic bonding Always covalent bonding Always with few atoms Often quite large, with many atoms Often associated with nonliving matter Usually associated living systems

4 Carbohydrates as structural materials
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Carbohydrates as structural materials Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry

5 Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader
Carbon Atom Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry Carbon atoms: Contain a total of 6 electrons Only four electrons in the outer shell Very diverse as one atom can bond with up to four other atoms Often bonds with other carbon atoms to make hydrocarbons Can produce long carbon chains like octane Can produce ring forms like cyclohexane

6 Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader
Octane & Cyclohexane Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry

7 Functional Groups and Isomers
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Functional Groups and Isomers Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry Functional groups: Specific combinations of bonded atoms Attached as a group to other molecules Always react in the same manner, regardless of where attached Determine activity and polarity of large organic molecules Many functional groups, but only a few are of major biological importance

8 Biologically Important Functional Groups
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Biologically Important Functional Groups Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry Group Structure Compound Significance Hydroxyl R OH Alcohols Polar, forms H-bonds; some sugars and amino acids Example: Ethanol Polar, forms H-bonds; some sugars and amino acids; Example: Ethanol R H C O Aldehydes Polar; some sugars Example: Formaldehyde Carbonyl Polar; some sugars Example: Formaldehyde R C O Ketones Polar; some sugars Example: Acetone R OH C O Polar; some sugars Example: Acetone Carboxylic Acids Carboxyl Polar, acidic; fats and amino acids Example: Acetic acid Polar, acidic; fats and amino acids Example: Acetic acid R H N Amino Amines Polar, basic; amino acids Example: Tryptophan Polar, acidic; some amino acids Example: Adenosine triphosphate Sulfhydryl Polar, basic; amino acids Example: Tryptophan R SH Thiols Disulfide Bonds; some amino acids Example: Ethanethiol Disulfide Bonds; some amino acids Example: Ethanethiol R C O OH Organic Phosphates Phosphate Polar, acidic; some amino acids Example: Adenosine triphosphate

9 Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader
Isomers Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry Isomers - organic molecules that have: Identical molecular formulas, but Differing internal arrangement of atoms

10 Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader
Macromolecules Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry Some molecules called macromolecules because of their large size Usually consist of many repeating units Resulting molecule is a polymer (many parts) Repeating units are called monomers Some examples: Category Example Subunit(s) Lipids Fat Glycerol & fatty acids Carbohydrates Polysaccharide Monosaccharide Proteins Polypeptide Amino acid Nucleic Acids DNA, RNA Nucleotide

11 Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader
Common Foods Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry

12 Dehydration and Hydrolysis
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Dehydration and Hydrolysis Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry Dehydration - Removal of water molecule Used to connect monomers together to make polymers Polymerization of glucose monomers to make starch Hydrolysis - Addition of water molecule Used to disassemble polymers into monomer parts Digestion of starch into glucose monomers Specific enzymes required for each reaction Accelerate reaction Are not used in the reaction

13 Synthesis and Degradation of Polymers
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Synthesis and Degradation of Polymers Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry

14 Four Classes of Organics: 1 - Carbohydrates
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Four Classes of Organics: 1 - Carbohydrates Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry Monosaccharides: Single sugar molecule Glucose, ribose, deoxyribose Disaccharides: Contain two monosaccharides joined during dehydration reaction Sucrose Polysaccharides: Polymers of monosaccharides Starch, cellulose, chitin

15 Popular Models for Representing Glucose Molecules
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Popular Models for Representing Glucose Molecules Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry

16 Synthesis and Degradation of Maltose, a Disaccharide
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Synthesis and Degradation of Maltose, a Disaccharide Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry

17 Carbohydrates Examples: Monosaccharides
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Carbohydrates Examples: Monosaccharides Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry Single sugar molecules Quite soluble and sweet to taste Examples Glucose (blood), fructose (fruit) and galactose Hexoses - Six carbon atoms Isomers of C6H12O6 Ribose and deoxyribose (in nucleotides) Pentoses – Five carbon atoms C5H10O5 & C5H10O4

18 Carbohydrates Examples: Disaccharides
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Carbohydrates Examples: Disaccharides Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry Contain two monosaccharides joined by dehydration reaction Soluble and sweet to taste Examples Sucrose Table sugar, maple sugar One glucose and one fructose joined by dehydration Maltose Malt sugar Two glucoses joined by dehydration

19 Carbohydrates Examples: Polysaccharides (1)
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Carbohydrates Examples: Polysaccharides (1) Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry Polymers of monosaccharides Low solubility; not sweet to taste Examples Starch Polymer of glucose Used for short-term energy storage Plant starch Often branched chain Amylose, corn starch Animal starch Unbranched Glycogen in liver and muscles

20 Carbohydrates Examples: Polysaccharides (2)
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Carbohydrates Examples: Polysaccharides (2) Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry More polysaccharide examples Cellulose Long, coiled polymer of glucose Glucoses connected differently than in starch Structural element for plants Main component of wood and many natural fibers Indigestible by most animals Chitin Polymer of glucose Each glucose with an amino group Very resistant to wear and digestion Arthropod exoskeletons, cell walls of fungi

21 Starch Structure and Function
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Starch Structure and Function Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry

22 Glycogen Structure and Function
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Glycogen Structure and Function Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry

23 Cellulose Structure and Function
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Cellulose Structure and Function Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry

24 Four Classes of Organics: 2 - Lipids
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Four Classes of Organics: 2 - Lipids Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry Insoluble in water Long chains of repeating CH2 units Renders molecule nonpolar Types of Lipids Type Organismal Uses Human Uses Fats Long-term energy storage & thermal insulation in animals Butter, lard Oils Long-term energy storage in plants and their seeds Cooking oils Phospholipids Component of plasma membrane No-stick pan spray Steroids Component of plasma membrane; hormones Medicines Waxes Wear resistance; retain water Candles, polishes

25 Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader
Chapter 03 Blubber Organic Chemistry

26 Types of Lipids: Triglycerides
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Types of Lipids: Triglycerides Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry

27 Types of Lipids: Triglycerides (1)
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Types of Lipids: Triglycerides (1) Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry Triglycerides (Fats) Long-term energy storage Backbone of one glycerol molecule Three-carbon alcohol Each has an OH- group Three fatty acids attached to each glycerol molecule Long hydrocarbon chain Saturated - no double bonds between carbons Unsaturated - 1 double bonds between carbons Carboxylic acid at one end Carboxylic acid connects to –OH on glycerol in dehydration reaction

28 Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader
Dehydration Synthesis of Triglyceride from Glycerol and Three Fatty Acids Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry

29 Types of Lipids: Phospholipids (2)
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Types of Lipids: Phospholipids (2) Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry Phospholipids Derived from triglycerides Glycerol backbone Two fatty acids attached instead of three Third fatty acid replaced by phosphate group The fatty acids are nonpolar and hydrophobic The phosphate group is polar and hydrophilic Molecules self arrange when placed in water Polar phosphate “heads” next to water Nonpolar fatty acid “tails” overlap and exclude water Spontaneously form double layer & a sphere

30 Phospholipids Form Membranes
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Phospholipids Form Membranes Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry

31 Types of Lipids: Steroids & Waxes (3)
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Types of Lipids: Steroids & Waxes (3) Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry Steroids Cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen Skeletons of four fused carbon rings Waxes Long-chain fatty acid bonded to a long-chain alcohol High melting point Waterproof Resistant to degradation

32 Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader
Steroid Diversity Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry

33 Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader
Chapter 03 Waxes Organic Chemistry

34 Four Classes of Organics: 3 -Proteins
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Four Classes of Organics: 3 -Proteins Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry Functions Support – Collagen Enzymes – Almost all enzymes are proteins Transport – Hemoglobin; membrane proteins Defense – Antibodies Hormones – Many hormones; insulin Motion – Muscle proteins, microtubules

35 Protein Subunits: The Amino Acids
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Protein Subunits: The Amino Acids Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry Proteins are polymers of amino acids Each amino acid has a central carbon atom (the alpha carbon) to which are attached a hydrogen atom, an amino group –NH2, A carboxylic acid group –COOH, and one of 20 different types of –R (remainder) groups There are 20 different amino acids that make up proteins All of them have basically the same structure except for what occurs at the placeholder R

36 Structural Formulas for the 20 Amino Acids
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Structural Formulas for the 20 Amino Acids Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry

37 Proteins: The Polypeptide Backbone
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Proteins: The Polypeptide Backbone Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry Amino acids joined together end-to-end COOH of one AA covalently bonds to the NH2 of the next AA Special name for this bond - Peptide Bond Two AAs bonded together – Dipeptide Three AAs bonded together – Tripeptide Many AAs bonded together – Polypeptide Characteristics of a protein determined by composition and sequence of AA’s Virtually unlimited number of proteins

38 Synthesis and Degradation of a Peptide
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Synthesis and Degradation of a Peptide Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry

39 Protein Molecules: Levels of Structure
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Protein Molecules: Levels of Structure Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry Primary: Literally, the sequence of amino acids A string of beads (up to 20 different colors) Secondary: The way the amino acid chain coils or folds Describing the way a knot is tied Tertiary: Overall three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide Describing what a knot looks like from the outside Quaternary: Consists of more than one polypeptide Like several completed knots glued together

40 Levels of Protein Organization
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Levels of Protein Organization Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry

41 Examples of Fibrous Proteins
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Examples of Fibrous Proteins Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry

42 Protein-folding Diseases
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Protein-folding Diseases Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry Assembly of AA’s into protein extremely complex Process overseen by “chaperone” molecules Inhibit incorrect interactions between R groups as polypeptide grows Defects in these chaperones can corrupt the tertiary structure of proteins Mad cow disease could be due to mis-folded proteins

43 Four Classes of Organics: 4 -Nucleic Acids
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Four Classes of Organics: 4 -Nucleic Acids Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry Polymers of nucleotides Very specific cell functions DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Double-stranded helical spiral (twisted ladder) Serves as genetic information center In chromosomes RNA (ribonucleic acid) Part single-stranded, part double-stranded Serves primarily in assembly of proteins In nucleus and cytoplasm of cell

44 The Nucleotides of Nucleic Acids
Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader The Nucleotides of Nucleic Acids Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry Three components: A phosphate group, A pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and A nitrogenous base (4 kinds in DNA, 3 kinds in RNA, 3 common to both Nucleotide subunits connected end-to-end to make nucleic acid Sugar of one connected to the phosphate of the next Sugar-phosphate backbone

45 Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader
Chapter 03 Nucleotides Organic Chemistry

46 Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader
Chapter 03 DNA Structure Organic Chemistry

47 Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader
Chapter 03 RNA Structure Organic Chemistry

48 Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader
Comparison of DNA & RNA Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry Table 3.4 Feature DNA RNA Sugar Deoxyribose Ribose Bases Cytosine, guanine; adenine, thymine Cytosine, guanine; adenine, uracil Strands Double-stranded; Pairing across strands Mostly single stranded Helix Yes No Function Heredity; cellular control center Interprets genetic info; protein synthesis Where Chromosomes of cell nucleus Cell nucleus and cytoplasm

49 Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader
Other Nucleic Acids Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphates In cells, one phosphate bond is hydrolyzed – Yields: The molecule ADP (adenosine diphosphate) An inorganic phosphate molecule pi Energy Other energy sources used to put ADP and pi back together again

50 Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader
Chapter 03 ATP Organic Chemistry

51 Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader
Review Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry Organic vs Inorganic Functional Groups and Isomers Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

52 Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader
Chapter 03 Ending Slide Chapter 03 Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry


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