1. Population 050 000100 000150 000200 000250 000 Tree Cover (percent) 15 20 25 30 35 40 Figure 30.1 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

2. ForestGrasslandDesert Tree Cover (percent) ParkVacantResidential Commercial Industrial Tree Cover (percent) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Forest Grassland Desert Ecoregion Figure 30.2 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

3. business buildings, shopping centers, parking lots Contour from 1 o C to 7 o C by 1 o C 4 October 1974 1930 - 2050 1 1 3 4 4 3 6 5 2 2 7 1 1 13 August 1968 2030 - 2135 Contour from 1 o C to 3 o C by 1 o C 3 1 km Legend detached houses and apartments Figure 30.3 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

4. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9 Sky View Factor 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 100010 000100 0001 000 00010 000 000 Population Maximum Urban-Rural Temperature Difference ( C) Europe North America Figure 30.4 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

5. 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 0600100014001800220002000600 Time of Day (hours) Air Temperature ( C) Rural (23.8 C) Urban (25.5 C) 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Mixing Ratio (g kg -1 ) Time of Day (hours) Rural (14.5 g kg -1 ) Urban (14.0 g kg -1 ) 0600100014001800220002000600 Figure 30.5 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

6. -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 100010 000100 0001 000 00010 000 000 Population Average Urban-Rural Temperature Difference ( C) Daily mean Daily minimum Daily range Figure 30.6 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

7. S S L 858 W m -2 838 W m -2 L L 300 W m -2 L 468 W m -2 593 W m -2 E 209 W m -2 H 84 W m -2 H 70 W m -2 G 168 W m -2 G 447 W m -2 S 209 W m -2 S 300 W m -2 48 W m -2 Field (1200 hours) Parking Lot (1200 hours) Air temperature 25 C T s 32 C T s 48 C Winds calm albedo: 0.25 R n : 461 W m -2 Bowen ratio (H/ E): 0.40 Evaporative fraction ( E/R n ): 0.45 albedo: 0.06 R n : 517 W m -2 Bowen ratio: - Evaporative fraction: 0 Figure 30.7 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

8. -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 003000600090012001500180021002400 Energy Flux (W m -2 ) 0.0 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.2 Bowen Ratio Net Radiation Sensible Heat Latent Heat Storage Bowen Ratio Rural -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 003000600090012001500180021002400 Time Of Day (hours) Energy Flux (W m -2 ) Net Radiation Sensible Heat Latent Heat Storage Suburban - Rural -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 003000600090012001500180021002400 Energy Flux (W m -2 ) 0.0 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.2 Bowen Ratio Net Radiation Sensible Heat Latent Heat Storage Bowen Ratio Suburban Figure 30.8 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

9. Storage 12 W m -2 Latent Heat 187 W m -2 Sensible Heat 86 W m -2 Sensible Heat 129 W m -2 Latent Heat 101 W m -2 Storage 65 W m -2 Net Radiation 283 W m -2 Net Radiation 295 W m -2 Suburban: 25% building, 11% paved, 64% greenspace Rural: managed grassland albedo: 0.20 Bowen ratio (H/ E): 0.46 Evaporative fraction ( E/R n ): 0.66 albedo: 0.13 Bowen ratio: 1.28 Evaporative fraction: 0.34 Figure 30.9 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

10. wall sky wall road sky wall sky wall sky road Road view factors Wall view factors Building Height, H Street Width, W Building Height, H Street Width, W Building Height, H Figure 30.10 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

11. 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 012345678910 Canyon H/W Ratio View Factor Sky Wall Figure 30.11 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

12. Figure 30.12 Roof Wall 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 012345678910 Canyon H/W Ratio Net Longwave Radiation (W m -2 ) Road Canyon Emissivity: Roof = 0.90 Road = 0.94 Wall = 0.85 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

13. small wood lot 5-story building complex with paved courtyard (32 m 42 m) grass lawn 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1600170018001900200021002200 Time of Day (hours) Air Temperature ( C) 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 1600170018001900200021002200 Time of Day (hours) Surface Temperature ( C) Courtyard Grass Woods Courtyard Grass Woods Figure 30.13 court yard Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

14. Figure 30.14 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

15. NW Residential Area Rock Creek Park Urban/Industrial Area East of Rock Creek 16th St Business Area Downtown Parks 2315 hours 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Air Temperature ( C) Figure 30.15 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

16. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0255075100125150175 Park Size (hectares) Urban-Park Temperature Difference ( C) Temperate Arid Tropical Figure 30.16 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

17. Figure 30.17 CBD IND RES RUR 0102030405060708090100 Vegetated Cover (%) 0 1 2 3 4 5 H / E U1 U2 U3 S1 R1 R2R3 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0102030405060708090100 Vegetated Cover (%) H / R n Łódź Basel CBD IND RES RUR U1 U2 U3 S1 R1 R2 CBD IND RES RUR U1 U2 U3 S1 R2 R3 R1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.4 H / W Ratio H / R n S1 CBD IND RES RUR U1 U2 U3 R2 R3 R1 0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.4 H / W Ratio 0 1 2 3 4 5 H / E Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

18. +5% 0% -5% +5% 0% -5% 0% -5% +5% +10% St. Louis North 40 km Contour from -5% to +15% by 5% +15% Figure 30.18 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

19. 530 550 570 590 610 630 650 670 SunMonTueWedThuFriSat Daily Precipitation (mm) -1.4 -1.2 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 Daily Mean CO+O 3 Index Precipitation CO+O 3 Figure 30.19 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

20. 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30405060708090100 Pervious Curve Number Composite Curve Number 30% impervious 0% to 100% unconnected 10% impervious 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0102030405060708090100 Impervious Area (percent) Composite Curve Number CN 30 CN 40 CN 50 CN 60 CN 70 CN 80 CN 90 CN 98 Figure 30.20 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

21. 100 mm 87 mm 13 mm 50 mm 83 mm 17 mm 31 mm 69 mm ForestPasture ResidentialBusiness District CN=55CN=69 50% impervious CN pervious =61 CN composite =80 90% impervious CN pervious =61 CN composite =94 Figure 30.21 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

22. 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0.11.010100200 Recurrence Interval (years) Impervious area = 20% 3 20 Impervious Area (percent) 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 1 15 2 10 Recurrence Interval (years) 4 0.12001.010100 Figure 30.22 Urban-to-rural discharge ratio Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan