1. Volume 126, Issue 1, Pages 159-169 (January 2004)
Selective jejunal manipulation causes postoperative pan-enteric inflammation and dysmotility 
Nicolas T. Schwarz, Jörg C. Kalff, Andreas Türler, Nicola Speidel, Jennifer R. Grandis, Timothy R. Billiar, Anthony J. Bauer 
Gastroenterology 
Volume 126, Issue 1, Pages (January 2004)
DOI: /j.gastro

2. Figure 1
A shows that dexamethasone pretreatment protects against a suppression in bethanechol-stimulated contractions recorded from the manipulated jejunum 24 hours after surgery. The graph shows bethanechol-stimulated dose-response curves generated from rat jejunal circular smooth muscle strips obtained from controls (open circles), dexamethasone pretreated controls (filled circles), untreated manipulated (open boxes), and dexamethasone-treated manipulated animals (filled boxes, N = 5 each). The histogram in B graphically quantifies the increase in myeloperoxidase-positive leukocytes, which extravasated into the muscularis externa 24 hours after manipulation, and a significant prevention in leukocyte extravasation in animals pretreated with dexamethasone (2 mg/kg) 1 hour before surgery.
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /j.gastro )

3. Figure 2
Selective jejunal manipulation delays gastric and colonic transit. A shows the distribution of nonabsorbable FITC-labeled dextran along the 16 segments of the gastrointestinal tract 30 minutes after oral administration (St, stomach; Sb1-10, small bowel; Cc, cecum; C1-4, colon). The transit histogram shows a significant delay in the distribution pattern of the transit marker measured in animals 24 hours after jejunal manipulation (GC = 4.22) compared with controls (GC = 8.96, n = 5 each) with the majority of the fluorescent dye within the stomach. B displays the transit distribution histogram 11 hours after administration of the fluorescent marker from controls and from animals 24 hours after jejunal manipulation. Compared with controls that had an average GC of 13.41, colonic transit was significantly delayed in manipulated animals (GC of 10.85).
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /j.gastro )

4. Figure 3
Jejunal manipulation decreases bethanechol-stimulated contractions recorded from the unmanipulated colonic circular muscle 24 hours after surgery. The graph shows bethanechol-stimulated dose-response curves generated from colonic circular muscle of controls (closed circles, n = 5) and animals, which had received selective jejunal manipulation (closed diamond, n = 5).
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /j.gastro )

5. Figure 4
The EMSA gel shows the activation of the transcription factor NF-IL-6 within the isolated stomach muscularis 3 hours after selective jejunal manipulation in the rat. At this time point, an average 11.7-fold increase in phosphorylated NF-IL-6 could be observed within the gastric muscularis.
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /j.gastro )

6. Figure 5
RT-PCR gel displaying the expression of IL-6 mRNA in small bowel, stomach, and colonic muscularis extracts obtained from controls and after selective jejunal manipulation. A A significant up-regulation in IL-6 within the manipulated jejunum (SB) and the unmanipulated gastric and colonic muscularis at 3 hours after selective small bowel manipulation (14.9-, 8.1-, and 11.4-fold, respectively). The histogram in B shows the time-dependent up-regulation of IL-6 with a similar temporal pattern of up-regulation in the small intestine and colon (n = 4).
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /j.gastro )

7. Figure 6
LightCycler real time RT-PCR of expression of IL-6 mRNA in stomach, jejunum, and colonic muscularis extracts harvested from controls, anesthesia plus laparotomy, and after selective jejunal manipulation. The solid bars show a relatively small but significant induction of IL-6 mRNA after anesthesia plus laparotomy in jejunal and colonic extracts. The cross-hatched histogram bars show a significant further induction of IL-6 mRNA in all regions of the gastrointestinal tract 3 hours after selective manipulation of the jejunum compared with control and anesthesia plus laparotomy (n = 4 each).
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /j.gastro )

8. Figure 7
Selective jejunal manipulation causes a significant phosphorylation of STAT proteins. Three hours after manipulation of the jejunum, STAT activation within jejunal muscularis (SB) extracts was 30.6-fold increased compared with control. An increase in STAT activation was also measured within the unmanipulated stomach and colon of the same animals (14.2-fold and 20.8-fold, respectively).
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /j.gastro )

9. Figure 8
RT-PCR gel image shows a significant induction of TNF-α mRNA levels in the isolated jejunal (SB), gastric, and colonic muscularis of animals 3 hours after selective jejunal manipulation (6.8-, 3.2- and 4.1-fold up-regulation, respectively, compared with controls).
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /j.gastro )

10. Figure 9
RT-PCR gel showing the up-regulation of COX-2 and iNOS throughout the gastrointestinal muscularis after selective jejunal manipulation. A The simultaneous and significant induction of COX-2 mRNA levels within the muscularis of the rat jejunum (SB) (3.4-fold), stomach (3.6-fold), and colon (4.1-fold) at 6 hours after selective jejunal manipulation. The gel in B shows the temporal induction of iNOS mRNA within tissue extracts from the gastric and colonic muscularis of the rat at different time points after jejunal manipulation. iNOS message was rapidly induced in the colonic and gastric muscularis within 3 hours and remained elevated up to 24 hours in the colon, whereas it declined rapidly in the stomach, in which little message could be detected at 24 hours after manipulation. The histogram in C shows the similar increase in quantified iNOS mRNA signals using a PhosphorImager for the muscularis of the jejunum and the colon (n = 4 each).
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /j.gastro )

11. Figure 10
Myeloperoxidase positive leukocytes within Hanker-Yates stained muscularis whole mounts prepared from the jejunum (A and B) and colon (C and D) obtained from control and 24 hours after jejunal manipulation (original magnification 200×).
Gastroenterology  , DOI: ( /j.gastro )