1. javier Alfonso Gil Universidad Autónoma de Madrid

2. Research method Prospective interviews to determine key actors in cooperation and relevant projects. Review of bibliographical materials. On-line questionnaires (CAWI). In-depth face to face interviews. Focus on decentralized cooperation and Interreg program as well in Morocco cases. Telephone interviews. 34/50 answers obtained in Spain. 71/100 in transcontinental territories.

3. No impact With impact MinimalLittleModerateLargeVery Substantial International trade 40.740.615.628.19.46.3 Foreign Direct Investment 46.344.820.724.210.30 Commuting for work 48.157.114.317.910.70 Tourism 38.933.315.221.227.33 Social Commuting 44.443.316.726.713.30 Migration 48.142.925 7.10 Educational Exchange 3726.514.738.214.75.9 Source: Gorzelak, 2012. In-house compilation. Table 1 Impact of transcontinental cooperation on flows and exchanges (percentage out of respondents) TRANSCONTINENTAL COOPERATION Table 1 Impact of transcontinental cooperation on flows and exchanges (percentage out of respondents)

4. No impact With impact MinimalLittleModerateLargeVery Substantial Economic growth 46.327.620.744.83.4 Job creation 5029.625.933.311.10 Quality of Life 46.320.710.351.713.83.4 Quality of natural environment 46.327.617.244.810.30 Service Provision 51.934.626.923.115.40 Source: Gorzelak, 2012. In-house compilation. Table 2 Impact of transcontinental cooperation on socio-economic indicators (percentage out of respondents) TRANSCONTINENTAL COOPERATION

5. No impact With impact MinimalLittleModerateLarge Very Substantial International networking cooperation among firms 48.142.910.735.77.13.6 Networking among NGOs 5014.822.233.322.27.4 Building mutual trust 40.79.4 18.85012.5 Joint project preparation 38.915.2 27.333.39.1 Joint spatial planning 51.95011.526.97.73.8 TRANSCONTINENTAL COOPERATION Source: Gorzelak, 2012. In-house compilation. Table 3 Impact of transcontinental cooperation on specific activities (percentage out of respondents)

6. TRANSCONTINENTAL COOPERATION Territorial cooperation has a moderate impact on the general development process in transcontinental partners. International trade, tourism and educational exchanges have received a notably high impact. The results seem to be important enough for economic growth, quality of life and quality of natural environment. Instead of reduced impact observed, building mutual trust, joint project preparation and networking among NGOs are promising item for future cooperation.

7. MAIN FINDINGS The projects with the best results are those adapted to the area`s needs in agreement with its territorial development strategy. Synergies with different sources of funding have come out thanks to previous mutual trust. Bottom-up approach with many local actors involved. Main areas: administration, health, rural development policy and agriculture, cultural events and urban planning. Relations between partners, not as a aid-givers/receivers. The exchange of experiences and the transfer of ways to confront and solve common problems are indicated as the most valuable aspects of TC.

8. POLICY ADVISE The need of some type of top down approach for coordination activities. A more rigorous evaluation of the programs. Lack of financial funding. A clear commitment from EU to multi-annual programs and budgeting towards a matching funds among partners. Current partners should work in a dynamic of triangular cooperation