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The Neurology of the Immune System: Neural Reflexes Regulate Immunity

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1 The Neurology of the Immune System: Neural Reflexes Regulate Immunity
Mauricio Rosas-Ballina, Kevin J. Tracey  Neuron  Volume 64, Issue 1, Pages (October 2009) DOI: /j.neuron Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

2 Figure 1 The Inflammatory Reflex
Control systems orchestrated by the autonomic nervous system (e.g., heart rate control) integrate input signals and deliver responses that modify bodily function according to changing physiologic demands. Similarly, cytokines produced by immune cells in response to endogenous and exogenous stimuli activate afferent neurons of the vagus nerve that conveys this information to the brain where signal integration occurs. A response is elicited through the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, the efferent arc of this inflammatory reflex, which modifies immune function and maintains homeostasis. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway conveys signals from the brain to the spleen via the vagus nerve and the splenic nerve and is dependent on the α7 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Neuron  , 28-32DOI: ( /j.neuron ) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

3 Figure 2 Experimental Model for Studying Neuroimmune Plasticity
Transmission of neural signals to immune cells in lymphoid organs is a dynamic process involving remodeling of nerve fibers. Cells of the immune system are likely exposed to constant fluctuation in neurotransmitter concentration in their microenvironment as a result of second-to-second changes in nerve firing rate. Studying the effects of nerve firing frequency on immune cell function using electrophysiology together with assessment of immune function could reveal habituation and sensitization phenomena underlying nerve-to-immune cell interactions. The figure depicts a hypothetical two-cell culture system showing different activity states of a neuroimmune synapse. The number and frequency of synapses and the magnitude of the immune response would vary depending on whether the system is at rest, habituated, or under sensitization. Neuron  , 28-32DOI: ( /j.neuron ) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

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