1. Figure 3 Methods to detect trough levels of therapeutic antibodies
Figure 3 | Methods to detect trough levels of therapeutic antibodies. a | In a capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the TNF inhibitor is bound to TNF attached to the assay plate. The drug is detected by horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated anti-idiotype antibodies. b | In a sandwich ELISA, the assay plate is coated with anti-TNF antibody bound to TNF. The TNF inhibitor binds to the TNF and is detected by use of HRP-conjugated anti-idiotype antibodies. c | In a radioimmunoassay, labelled TNF binds to TNF inhibitor in the patient's serum, which then binds to an anti-indiotype antibody. The amount of radioactive drug is measured. d | A homogenous mobility shift assay uses size-exclusion chromatography to measure antibody–drug complexes.
Kalden, J. R. & Schulze-Koops, H. (2017) Immunogenicity and loss of response to TNF inhibitors: implications for rheumatoid arthritis treatment
Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. doi: /nrrheum