1. O. nubilalis damage and insecticide usage in Mid-Atlantic vegetable crops (1980–2017) and their relationship with Bt adoption.
O. nubilalis damage and insecticide usage in Mid-Atlantic vegetable crops (1980–2017) and their relationship with Bt adoption. Significantly reduced O. nubilalis damages during Bt years (1996–2017) compared with pre-Bt years in peppers (1980–1995) (A) and sweet corn (1984–1995) (B). (C) Negative linear relationship between national average Bt corn (percent) adoption and O. nubilalis damage in peppers (green line and filled circles) and sweet corn (orange line and open circles). (D) Negative linear relationship between national average Bt corn (percent) adoption and insecticides applied (total active ingredient) in New Jersey peppers (green line and filled circles) and sweet corn (orange line and open circles). Predictions from linear models (dark lines) are plotted along with upper and lower 95% confidence intervals (gray areas, A, B, and D; dotted lines, C), and points represent square root transformed (A–C) or original (D) data values.
Galen P. Dively et al. PNAS 2018;115:13:
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