1. Newton’s Laws of Motion
Beta Science
Mr. McMartin

2. Newton’s Laws of Motion
Imagine that you are playing baseball. The pitch comes in and- crack- you hit the ball hard! But instead of flying off the bat the ball just drops to the ground. Is that normal?
Answer: You would probably say no. You know that force and motion are related. When you exert a force on a baseball it probably should move. In 1686, Sir Isaac Newton explained this relationship between force and the motion of an object with his three laws of motion.

3. Newton’s First Law of Motion
An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion (at a constant speed and in a straight line) unless acted on by an unbalanced force.
This law describes the motion of an object that has a net force of 0 N acting on it.
This law is best understood when you look at it as two different parts… objects at rest and objects in motion.
Please write Newton’s First Law of Motion:
In what two parts can we best understand Newton’s 1st Law?

4. Objects at Rest
An object that is not moving is said to be “at rest.” Ex.- chair on the floor, golf ball resting on a tee.
Newton’s first law says that objects at rest stay at rest unless they are acted on by an unbalanced force.
So a chair won’t slide across the room unless you push the chair.
A golf ball won’t move off the tee unless the ball is struck by a golf club.
What is an object that is not moving said to be? Give an example.

5. Objects in Motion
The second part of Newton’s first law is about objects moving with a certain velocity. These objects will move forever with the same velocity unless an unbalanced force acts on them.
Ex. Driving a bumper car at an amusement park. If you drive straight and don’t run in to anyone you will continue on that path… when someone hits you, you will move in another direction.
When an object moves at a certain velocity, what must happen in order to change that velocity?

6. Friction and Newton’s First Law
An object in motion will stay in motion unless it is acted on by an unbalanced force.
In this case you should be able to push your desk across the floor and have it continue moving right? But if you were to push your desk it would stop after a very short time. Why?
The unbalanced force acting on the desk would be friction.
Name a force that cannot be seen which can change the motion of an object.

7. Inertia and Newton’s First Law
Newton’s first law of motion is sometimes called the “Law of Inertia.”
Inertia: the tendency of all objects to resist any change in motion.
Inertia causes an object to stay in place until an outside force acts on it. It is also the reason objects stay in motion in a particular direction until an outside force acts on it.
Define Inertia.
In what two ways is Inertia related to Newton’s First Law?

8. Mass and Inertia Mass is a measure of Inertia.
An object that has a small mass has less inertia than an object with a large mass.
It is easier to change the motion of an object with a small mass than it is to change the object with a large mass.
What does mass and inertia have in common?
T/F- An object that has a large mass has less inertia than an object with a small mass.

9. Newton’s 2nd Law
Newton’s Second Law: The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied.
This law describes the motion of an object when an unbalanced force acts on the object.
Consider this law in two parts as well:
Part 1: Acceleration Depends on Mass
Part 2: Acceleration Depends on Force
Please write Newton’s Second Law.
In what two parts can Newton’s 2nd law be split in to?

10. Acceleration Depends on Mass
Suppose you are pushing an empty cart. You have to exert only a small force on the cart to accelerate it. But, the same amount of force will not accelerate the full cart as much as the empty cart.
The acceleration of an object decreases as its mass increases and its acceleration increases as its mass decreases.
How does acceleration depend on mass?

11. Expressing Newton’s Second Law Mathematically
This is the relationship of acceleration, mass, and force:
A= F/M or F= MxA
A=acceleration
M= mass
F= force
What is the acceleration of a 3kg mass if a force of N is used to move the mass?
What is the equation for finding the amount of force needed to push an object at a certain acceleration?
What is the equation for finding how quickly a mass will be accelerated?

12. Newton’s 3rd Law
Newton’s 3rd Law: Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second objects exerts an equal and opposite force on the first.
Newton’s third law can be simply stated as follows: All forces act in pairs. If a force is exerted, another force that is equal in size and opposite in direction. The way that force pairs interact affects motion of objects
Please write Newton’s 3rd Law.
All forces act in _________________.

13. Force Pairs Action and Reaction force pairs:
Action forces: forces that are acted on objects
Reaction forces: forces that push back on action forces.
Ex. You exert a force on a chair when you sit on it. Your weight pushing down on the chair is an action force. The reaction force is the force exerted by the chair that pushes up on your body. The force is equal to your weight.
Define action forces.
Define reaction forces.
Give an example of a force pair.

14. Force Pairs Do Not Act on the Same Object
A force is always exerted by one object on another object. This rule is true for all forces. However, action and reaction forces in a pair do not act on the same object. If they did, the net force would always be 0N and nothing would ever move!
Ex. A swimmer’s hand exerts force on the water and the water exerts force on the swimmer’s hand.
T/F: A force is always exerted by one object on another object.
What would happen if an object’s force acted on itself?

15. All Forces Act in Pairs- Action and Reaction
Newton’s third law says that all forces act in pairs. When a force is exerted there is always a reaction force. A force never acts by itself.
When a force is exerted there is always a ____________.
A force never acts ______________.

16. The Effect of a Reaction Can be Difficult to See
Gravity is a force of attraction between objects that is due to their masses
If you drop a ball, gravity pulls the ball toward Earth.
This force is the action force exerted by Earth on the Ball
Gravity also pulls earth towards the ball. The force is the reaction force by the ball on the earth
You cannot see this force because the force of gravity created by the ball is so tiny due to Newton’s Second Law where the acceleration of objects is due to their masses.
T/F- If a ball is dropped towards earth, the earth is also gravitationally pulled to the ball.