1. Ascites and Hepatorenal Syndrome: Pathophysiology and Management
Lewis R. Roberts, M.D., Patrick S. Kamath, M.D. 
Mayo Clinic Proceedings 
Volume 71, Issue 9, Pages (September 1996)
DOI: /
Copyright © 1996 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research Terms and Conditions

2. Fig. 1
Pathophysiologic mechanisms of ascites formation in cirrhosis of liver. A, Renal changes that cause sodium (Na+) and water retention, resulting in an increased plasma volume. B, Mechanism whereby this excess fluid is localized to peritoneal cavity.
Mayo Clinic Proceedings  , DOI: ( / )
Copyright © 1996 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research Terms and Conditions

3. Fig. 2
Algorithmic approach to patients with cirrhosis of liver, oliguria, and elevated creatinine level. HRS = hepatorenal syndrome; Na: =sodium.
Mayo Clinic Proceedings  , DOI: ( / )
Copyright © 1996 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research Terms and Conditions