1. In vivo autologous recellularization of a tissue-engineered heart valve: Are bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells the best candidates? 
Andre Vincentelli, MD, PhD, Fabrice Wautot, MD, Francis Juthier, MD, Olivier Fouquet, MD, Delphine Corseaux, PhD, Sylvestre Marechaux, MD, Thierry Le Tourneau, MD, PhD, Olivier Fabre, MD, Sophie Susen, MD, PhD, Eric Van Belle, MD, PhD, Frederic Mouquet, MD, PhD, Christophe Decoene, MD, Alain Prat, MD, Brigitte Jude, MD, PhD 
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 
Volume 134, Issue 2, Pages (August 2007)
DOI: /j.jtcvs
Copyright © 2007 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
A, Representative examples of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMC) after May–Grunwald–Giemsa staining (original magnification ×100). B, Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) after immunocytochemical analysis with a monoclonal mouse anti-vimentin antibody (original magnification ×40). C, Decellularized porcine pulmonary valve has been reversed on a Hegar dilatator. Injection of the stem cells in the inner side of the pulmonary arterial wall with a customized right-angled 27-gauge needle designed specifically to allow the creation of channels in a blisterlike pattern. The arrows indicate the first injection site. Annulus, pulmonary annulus; Leaflet, free margin of a pulmonary leaflet.
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.jtcvs )
Copyright © 2007 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
Characterization of ovine MSC (magnification ×20); adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation. A, Ovine MSC after 7-day culture. Left column: B, Adipogenic differentiation; C, intracytoplasmic accumulation of lipid stained with oil red O. Right column: B, Osteogenic differentiation; E, calcium stained with von Kossa method.
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.jtcvs )
Copyright © 2007 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

4. Figure 3
At day 7 after surgical implantation, in both groups, labeled cells were identified in the matrix with PKH67 (green) (A and B) and nuclear counter coloration with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (blue) (C) and merged (D). Nonfluorescent cells from host origin are visible in the matrix (white arrows).
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.jtcvs )
Copyright © 2007 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

5. Figure 4
Early and late hemodynamic results. Early gradients were not significantly different between the 2 groups. In the BMMC group we observed a significant increase of the gradient from day 7 and month 4. In the MSC group gradient did not increase and even tended to decrease. Late gradients were significantly lower in the MSC group than in the BMMC group.
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.jtcvs )
Copyright © 2007 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

6. Figure 5
Results 4 months after explantation. Left column, BMMC group; right column, MSC group. Top row, Gross examination showed that the arterial wall was thickened with calcification (*). A fibrous pannus was covering the suture line and the leaflets were thick. In the MSC scaffolds no calcification was observed, the wall remained thin and smooth, leaflets were normal, and suture line were not covered with a fibrous pannus. Second row, Von Kossa staining confirmed a huge calcification in the arterial wall of a BMMC group scaffold and none in the SMC group. Third row, Masson trichrome stain showed that the fibrillar structure of the arterial wall was better preserved in the MSC group (right), adventitia remained thin, and the cell infiltration was restricted to the outer layer, as compared with the BMMC group (left). Fourth row, The thickness of the leaflets was increased in the BMMC group and remained normal in the MSC group.
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.jtcvs )
Copyright © 2007 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

7. Figure 6
Histochemical analysis. Top, CD68+cell infiltration of the arterial wall in the BMMC group (left) and not in the MSC group (right). Middle, Complete endothelialization in both groups demonstrated by Von Willebrand factor staining. Bottom, The presence of a thin ridge of smooth muscle cells after α-smooth muscle actin staining in both groups but mostly in the MSC group.
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.jtcvs )
Copyright © 2007 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions