1. Inhibition of cell adhesion by anti–P-selectin aptamer: a new potential therapeutic agent for sickle cell disease
by Diana R. Gutsaeva, James B. Parkerson, Shobha D. Yerigenahally, Jeffrey C. Kurz, Robert G. Schaub, Tohru Ikuta, and C. Alvin Head
Blood
Volume 117(2):
January 13, 2011
©2011 by American Society of Hematology

2. Primary sequence and proposed secondary structure of anti–mouse P-selectin aptamer ARC5690.
Primary sequence and proposed secondary structure of anti–mouse P-selectin aptamer ARC5690. ARC5690 is with 40-kDa PEG. idT, inverted 2′-deoxy-thymidine.
Diana R. Gutsaeva et al. Blood 2011;117:
©2011 by American Society of Hematology

3. Hypoxia/normoxia protocol to study effects of ARC5690 on sickle RBC and leukocyte adhesion.
Hypoxia/normoxia protocol to study effects of ARC5690 on sickle RBC and leukocyte adhesion. SCD mice were injected with saline, ARC5690 or ARC5694. Two and one-half hours after injection, mice were subjected to 1 hour of hypoxia (FiO2 = 0.12) followed by 1 hour of normoxia in room air (FiO2 = 0.21), and intravital studies were then initiated. During surgery, mice were supplemented with 30% O2. FiO2 indicates fraction of inspired oxygen in a gas mixture.
Diana R. Gutsaeva et al. Blood 2011;117:
©2011 by American Society of Hematology

4. Anti–P-selectin aptamer binds to murine P-selectin with high specificity.
Anti–P-selectin aptamer binds to murine P-selectin with high specificity. (A) Nitrocellulose filtration assays were performed with 5′-32P-radiolabeled ARC5690 (lacking 5′-PEG) in the presence of increasing concentrations of mouse P-selectin (■), E-selectin (○), L-selectin (▵), or human P-selectin (▿). The aptamer binds to mouse P-selectin with a dissociation constant (KD) of approximately 15pM, and to other proteins with KD > 500nM (the highest protein concentration tested). Radiolabeled scrambled aptamer binds to mouse P-selectin (◇) with KD > 100nM (the highest protein concentration tested). (B) Surface plasmon resonance assay was performed with 5′-biotin–labeled ARC5690 (lacking 5′-PEG) immobilized to a streptavidin-derivatized microfluidics chip. Different concentrations of recombinant murine P-selectin (31.6, 10.0, 3.16, 1.00, and 0.32nM) were injected over the aptamer-coated surface. Surface plasmon resonance data were used to estimate a bimolecular association rate constant (kA) of 2 × 105M−1s−1 and dissociation rate constant (kD) of < 1 × 10−4/s (t1/2 > 2 hours) corresponding to a KD estimate of < 0.5nM.
Diana R. Gutsaeva et al. Blood 2011;117:
©2011 by American Society of Hematology

5. Anti–P-selectin aptamer ARC5690 reduces sickle RBC adhesion and increases microvascular flow velocities.
Anti–P-selectin aptamer ARC5690 reduces sickle RBC adhesion and increases microvascular flow velocities. (A) ARC5690 inhibits sickle RBC adhesion. Adhesion of labeled RBCs was defined as the number of events (adhesion time more than 1.0 seconds/min in a 100-μm length of vessels by frame–by–frame analysis of video replay. Treatment with ARC5690 before hypoxia/normoxia stress reduced the number of adherent RBCs by 90% compared with saline-treated mice (P < .001). No difference in sickle-RBC adhesion was observed in the ARC5694-treated group compared with saline group (P = .427). (B) ARC5690 improves sickle RBC velocities. Sickle RBC velocities were determined off-line by frame–by–frame analysis of video-recorded microscopic images using Image Pro-Plus 5.0 software. Five to 8 RBC velocity measurements were performed along the centerline of the vessel and used to define the mean centerline VRBC. Mean VRBC (Vmean) was calculated using a conversion factor of 1.6 (VRBC/Vmean = 1.6). Compared with saline-treated mice, RBC velocities were increased in ARC5690 treated group (P < .01), but not in ARC5694-treated mice (P = .227). (C-D) Frame-captured images from videotaped intravital microscopy of bone marrow venules in SCD mice injected with saline (C) and ARC5690 (D). Saline-treated mice show more adherent sickle RBCs (white arrows). Pretreatment with ARC5690 reduced the number of adherent sickle RBCs. Open arrowheads identify RBCs moving slowly in saline-treated mice (C) and rapidly in the aptamer-treated mice (D). Values were mean ± SE obtained from 4 to 5 mice in each group. The number of venules in experimental groups ranged from 18 to 21. P values for statistical analyses are shown on top of the figures.
Diana R. Gutsaeva et al. Blood 2011;117:
©2011 by American Society of Hematology

6. Anti–P-selectin aptamer ARC5690 decreases leukocyte rolling flux and leukocyte adhesion.
Anti–P-selectin aptamer ARC5690 decreases leukocyte rolling flux and leukocyte adhesion. (A) ARC5690 decreases leukocyte rolling flux. Leukocyte rolling flux was determined by the number of cells rolling through a fixed point per minute (cells/min). Compared with saline-treated mice, pretreatment of SCD mice with ARC5690 (P < .001), but not with ARC5694 (P = .06), decreased leukocyte rolling flux under hypoxia/normoxia stress. (B) ARC5690 decreases leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. Leukocyte adhesion was quantified by counting the number of adherent cells (stationary for > 30 seconds) in a 100-μm length of the vessel. Pretreatment with ARC5690 before hypoxia/normoxia stress reduced the number of adherent leukocytes compared with saline-treated mice (P < .001). Scrambled aptamer ARC5694 showed some inhibition of leukocyte adhesion (P < .05; see “Discussion”). (C-D) Frame-captured images from videotaped intravital microscopy of bone marrow venules in SCD mice injected with saline (C) and ARC5690 (D) after infusion of PE rat anti–mouse CD45. Saline-treated mice show a higher number of adherent (white arrows) and rolling (open arrowheads) leukocytes. (E) ARC5690 improves velocities of free-flowing leukocytes. Velocities of free-flowing leukocytes were determined using Image Pro-Plus 5.0 software. Five to 8 velocity measurements were performed along the centerline of the vessel and used to calculate hemodynamic parameters. Velocity of free-flowing leukocytes increased after treatment with ARC5690 but not with the scrambled aptamer ARC5694 compared with saline treated mice. Values were mean ± SE obtained from 4 to 5 mice in each group. The number of venules in experimental groups ranged from 18 to 21. P values for statistical analyses are shown on top of the figures.
Diana R. Gutsaeva et al. Blood 2011;117:
©2011 by American Society of Hematology

7. ARC5690 decreases mortality in SCD mice associated with experimental procedures.
ARC5690 decreases mortality in SCD mice associated with experimental procedures. Mortality rates were defined as the percentage of the number of mice pretreated with either saline, ARC5690, or ARC5694 that did not survive through experiments, to the total number of mice in a group. The numbers of the total mice and those surviving hypoxia/normoxia stress are shown at the bottom of the figure.
Diana R. Gutsaeva et al. Blood 2011;117:
©2011 by American Society of Hematology