1. From DNA to protein And viruses And bacteria
Protein Synthesis
From DNA to protein
And viruses
And bacteria

2. Central Dogma FROM GENOTYPE TO PHENOTYPE (From DNA to proteins)
You Tube Protein Synthesis (2:51)
DNA Transcription and Protein Assembly (3:02) From DNA to proteins
FROM GENOTYPE TO
PHENOTYPE (From DNA to proteins)

3. Beadle and Tatum
REMEMBER US?

4. George Beadle and Edward Tatum during the late 1930s and early 1940s
Using Neurospora crassa bread mold determined "one gene one enzyme hypothesis"

5. Protein Synthesis Overview
Protein Synthesis Overview get “Central Dogma” and “Protein Synthesis” Worksheets
DNA Replication, Transcription, Translation Youtube (8 mins)

6. Learn these Terms Transcription = DNA → mRNA
Translation = mRNA → protein

7. Three Bases Lingo
DNA Triplet ATC
mRNA Codon UAG
tRNA Anti-codon AUC

8. The 3 RNA’s
mRNA – messenger RNA – codes from DNA in the nucleus to take the genetic code to the ribosome in the cytoplasm
tRNA – transfer RNA – brings a specific amino acid to the ribosome
rRNA –ribosomal RNA – plus protein makes up a ribosome

9. Transcription: DNA to mRNA
DNA never leaves the nucleus
It codes to mRNA to take the
message outside the nucleus
TRANSCRIPTION YOUTUBE (1:53)

10. RNA polymerase (RNAP) The enzymes that makes RNA from the DNA template

11. Not all RNA nucleotides make the cut: Introns and Exons
Primary mRNA = exons + introns
INTRONS = discarded, noncoding region of mRNA
EXONS = the coding regions, spliced together RNA are called also = Mature mRNA
RNA Splicing
Youtube (1:38)

12. SPLICING RNA
Or Primary RNA
Mature mRNA

13. SPLICING ANIMATION snRNP’s Spliceosome
Seriously detailed splicing youtube (1:39)
McGraw-Hill How Splicesosomes Process RNA
Before the mRNA leaves the nucleus, the introns are removed, and the exons are spliced together.

14. Exons leave the nucleus
Mature mRNA leaves

15. Transcription Initiation Control

16. Transcription Promotors
DNA sequences at start site (recognize TATA BOX)
RNA polymerase and accessory proteins (transcription factors) bind to the promoter to initiate production of an mRNA transcription.
TATA

17. Transcription Terminator
mRNA is cut free from DNA

18. The mRNA travels out of the nucleus through nuclear pores to a ribosome in the cytoplasm
The mRNA binds to a ribosome
Ribosome translates codons (use chart)

19. TRANSLATION Translation Youtube (2:06)
mRNA (genetic language) needs to be translated into protein language (chain of amino acids)
Translation Youtube (2:06)

20. TRANSLATION Coding from mRNA to making protein (at the ribosome)
DNA Translation Youtube (2:06)

21. tRNA transports amino acids to ribosomes
There is a specific amino acid for each tRNA

22. Job of tRNA
Complements the codon of mRNA and picks up the appropriate amino acid
ANIMATION:
Animation of Translation

23. Note the A P E sites Central Dogma youtube (3:03)
A site – Amino acid is dropped off
P site – Polypeptide builds
E site – tRNA exits (after giving its amino acid to building polypeptide chain)
APE sites of Ribosome youtube (1:31)

24. A P E Sites at the Ribosome Translocation: movement of tRNA across the ribosome

25. Notice AUG codon means “start” building a new protein
Notice AUG codon means “start” building a new protein. UAA, UAG, UGA mean “stop’ building the protein.

26. There are 20 Amino Acids These 20 are shared by all living organisms
What does CAC code for?
histidine

27. Translation Initiation
mRNA attaches to the ribosome (AUG –start codon)

28. Translation Elongation
tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome

29. Translation Termination
mRNA reaches one of the STOP codons
Bond breaks the last tRNA and its amino acid to release the polypeptide bond

30. Cooooool Protein Synthesis 3-D
CENTRAL DOGMA (2:52)

31. All mRNA’s start with AUG, so all DNA genes start with______?

32. Answer
Methionine

33. THINK:
What would happen if something caused the base sequence to change?
What sorts of things could cause this?
Could the base changes be repaired?
Would those changes be passed on to the individual’s offspring?

34. MUTATION:
A change in the base sequence of a gene resulting in a different base sequence and thus different amino acid sequence.
What causes mutations? MUTAGENS
Thalidomide baby…

35. EX: X-rays UV light cigarette components Hazardous chemicals
Mutagen =any source of mutation is a physical or chemical agent
EX: X-rays
UV light
cigarette components
Hazardous chemicals

36. Mutagens

37. Mutation Animations
BBC - Education Scotland - Higher Bitesize Revision - Biology - Genetics and adaptation - Mutations: Revision 2
EXPLAIN HOW EACH MUTATION IS DIFFERENT FROM THE ORIGINAL DNA SEQUENCE

38. Gene (point)mutations
SUBSTITUTION – Replace one base for another. Minimal effect
ADDITION – Adding a base
DELETION – removing a base
Addition/deletions cause a complete Frame Shift that affects the whole gene.

39. Mutation Lingo Mutation = any change in nucleotide sequence of DNA
Reading frame = triplet grouping
Mutagenesis = creation of mutations

40. More Mutation Lingo
Nonsense mutation = change an amino acid into a STOP codon
Missence mutation = change the amino acid coding
Silent mutation = no change in protein product

41. Chromosome Mutations Translocation Inversion
Segment of a same chromosome is turned end to end
has moved one segment of a
chromosome to a different
chromosome

42. Translocation

43. Translocation 9 and 22

45. Cystic Fibrosis Deletion

46. ALBINISM
Albinism is due to a mutation of the melanin pigment gene. A one base substitution results in only 1 amino acid being in error.

47. AAGGTTCGGAGT (DNA) AACGTTCGGAGT:____________________
type of mutation Amino acids
AACGTTCGGAGT:____________________
AAGGTCTCGGAGT:____________________
AAGGTTCGAGT:_______________________

48. ANSWER-
Substitution (C for the G)
Insertion (the C)
Deletion (the G)

49. Chromosomal mutations
Affect the entire chromosome - often fatal.
Mutagens can cut up DNA into pieces.
When Repair mechanism reassembles them, they may be in the wrong order.

50. Oncogenes Genes that when mutated result in cancer.
EXAMPLE: BRCA1 and BRCA2 Found to cause breast cancer on 81-kb region of human chromosome 17

52. Viruses Nothing more than packaged genes Simple tools for geneticists
HIV EBOLA

55. Every virus has two stages
a dormant, particulate, transmissible stage called the virion stage
an active, intracellular stage called the infectious stage

56. Infectious Stage: Lytic Infection
1.attachment
2. Insertion of virus DNA
3. replication of virus components
4.packaging and assembly of new virions
5. exit from cell –”lysis” bursts

57. The Lytic Cycle Lytic Cycle Go to Section: Bacteriophage protein coat
Bacteriophage DNA
Bacterial
chromosome
Bacteriophage attaches to bacterium’s cell wall
Bacteriophage enzyme lyses the
bacterium’s cell wall, releasing
new bacteriophage particles that
can attack other cells.
Lytic Cycle
Bacteriophage injects DNA into bacterium
Bacteriophage proteins and nucleic acids assemble into complete bacteriophage particles
Bacteriophage
Bacteriophage DNA
Bacteriophage protein
Bacteriophage takes over bacterium’s metabolism, causing synthesis of new bacteriophage proteins and nucleic acids
Go to Section:

58. Lytic Infection Animation

59. Lysogenic Infection
The viral DNA becomes integrated into the bacterial DNA after infection. It is replicated along with the host DNA when the host reproduces. The viral DNA is referred to as a prophage.

60. A Lysogenic Infection Go to Section: Lytic Cycle Lysogenic Cycle
Bacterial
chromosome
Bacteriophage DNA
Bacteriophage injects DNA into bacterium
Bacteriophage DNA (prophage) can exit the bacterial chromosome
Lytic Cycle
Lysogenic Cycle
Bacteriophage DNA forms a circle
Bacteriophage DNA (prophage) may replicate with bacterium for many generations
Bacteriophage enzyme lyses the bacterium’s cell wall, releasing new bacteriophage particles that can attack other cells
Prophage
Bacteriophage proteins and nucleic acids assemble into complete bacteriophage particles
Bacteriophage DNA inserts itself into bacterial chromosome
Go to Section:

61. DIAGRAM COMPARISON
Lytic and Lysogenic Infections

62. Virus Examples
RNA instead of DNA: cold, flu, HIV, polio, measles, mumps
DNA viruses: herpes. Chicken pox, hepatitis
Herpes infections may flare up when under stress, a cold, or sunburn

63. Ebola Virus
Causes hemorrhagic fever
Movie Outbreak

64. Hanta Virus Southwestern US mice carried it cardiovascular collapse,
respiratory failure, and death

65. HIV Has 2 copies of RNA Is a retrovirus (RNA to DNA)
Carry enzyme reverse transcriptase

66. HIV = Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Aids infected cells
HIV = Human Immunodeficiency Virus
AIDS = Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

67. F Factor Sex pili Fertility factor
Allows one bacterium to carry genes to another by conjugation
Sex pili

68. Bacterium Plasmid Circular DNA in bacteria
Extra genes, not essential for bacterial survival

69. Transformation
Uptake of DNA from another bacteria cell

70. Conjugation
Physical union of two bacterial cells to transfer DNA

71. R Plasmid
Contain genes that are resistant to many antibiotics

72. Transduction
Some viruses move bacterial from one bacterial cell to another