1. Bystander Effects

2. Bystander Effects
The signals sent by the bystander cells may help repair the damaged cell, or it may trigger the cell to commit cell suicide.
When a cell is damaged by radiation, it can send signals to bystander cells, which are the cells near the “hit” cell.
With the microbeam, it is possible to expose individual cells and using the modern cellular and molecular techniques to study the changes that occur in the cell that is "hit" by the radiation and in neighboring cells that were not directly traversed by the radiation. It is possible to demonstrate that the "hit" cell communicates with its neighboring cells and triggers cellular and molecular changes in these cells. Bystander effects have been demonstrated in vitro using a number of different cell culture systems and a wide range of biological endpoints. It is critical to determine if this response increases or decreases the risk for production of late occurring disease. This is an area of current research and vigorous discussion. For the bystander effect to be of significance in terms of risk assessment it is important to determine if these effects are produced in vivo using experimental animals.
The signals sent by the damaged cell may disrupt the normal function of it’s neighboring cells, or it may stimulate them to respond with additional signals back to the damaged cell or to other nearby cells.

3. How does radiation interact with cells?
Past Theory
Hit theory
Radiation causes free radicals to damage only the cell that is “hit” by direct ionization
Present Theories
Bystander effects
Radiation causes free radicals to trigger cell-cell communication and cell- matrix communication to cells other than those which are “hit” by the direct ionization.

4. How do cells communicate to each other?
Direct
Cell-Cell
Communication
Direct cell contact
Gap junctions
Indirect
Chemical
Factors
Death Inducing Factor
Clastogenic Factors

5. Examples of bystander effects in cells, tissues, and organs
Change in gene expression
Mutations
Apoptosis
Chromosome aberrations
Cell transformation
Cancer
Changes in sister chromotid exchanges

6. Mutation Frequency

7. Micronuclei
Geard
Cells were stained with two different dyes. Only the nuclei of the cells stained with pink dye were hit by alpha particles from a microbeam. The figures show the presence of broken chromosomes in the form of micronuclei (the smaller fragments of pink and blue). These micronuclei are present not only in the pink “hit” cells, but also in the blue non-exposed cells. Such studies provide direct evidence for bystander effects.

8. Cell Transformation
Sawant et al.2000

9. No bystander between organs exposed at low dose-rates
The site of deposition of the radioactive material is the site of cancer induction
90SR - bone cancer
144Ce – liver/bone cancer
239 PuO2 (inhaled)- lung cancer

10. Does the bystander effect occur in animals as well as cell culture?
The bystander effect occurs in animal systems
The bystander effect is limited to specific organs or tissues
The bystander effect
No bystander effects seen between organs at low dose rates

11. Induction of p53 in Rat Tracheal Epithelium by Radon
p53 Up-regulated in All Cells
Few Cells Hit
Trachea
Trachea
Ford et al 1997

12. Lower half of lungs irradiated with 10 Gy
The influence of communication on radiation-induced micronuclei in lung
Lung cells shielded from direct radiation showed a major increase in the production of micronuclei (one indicator of chromosome damage) when other cells in the lung tissue were irradiated, indicating some type of communication between cells.
Shielded Cells
400
Micronuclei/1000 Cells
800
Lower half of lungs irradiated with 10 Gy
Exposed Cells
Khan et al 1998

13. Conclusions
Radiation exposure to cells can induce bystander effects, or changes in cells not directly “hit” by any radiation.
Bystanders result from communication due to direct cell contact or release of material
At low dose rates, bystander effects for cancer induction are present in vivo and limited to the tissue exposed.
Initial radiation-induced changes to bystander cells are very frequent events, suggesting total tissue involvement.
Bystander effects indicate that radiation-induced cancer is not a single cell event, but a tissue and organ response.
Bystander responses have resulted in a major paradigm shift related to the action of radiation.
Bystander effects may either increase or decrease radiation cancer risk.

14. For More Information on Bystander Effects