1. Chronology: after the Prophet (pbuh) A.S. Hashim, MD
Imam Ali (a.s.), Part II
Chronology: after the Prophet (pbuh)
A.S. Hashim, MD

2. After The Prophet: The Aftermath
Without a job, Ali finds a job at an orchard belonging to a Jewish person
Fatima is sick
Ali Tutors his children, along with Ibn Abbas
Ali buys one slave each week then set him free
Ali Writes the Quran according to the order the Ayahs were revealed

3. After the Prophet: The aftermath
Ali Under pressure to give allegiance to Abu Bakr
Fatima campaigns for Ali
Fatima gives a stirring speech at the Masjid of the Prophet
Fatima’s health deteriorates fast
Tough times:
Financially
Politically
At home

4. Ali during Khilaafah of Abu Bakr
Ali Finishes writing the chronology of the Quran
Fatima dies: Ali left with four children
Fatima buried at night according to her Will
Only few are notified and attend burial
Ali gives Allegiance to Abu Bakr

5. War of the renouncers! حروب الرده
For sake of Islam’s wellbeing, Ali gives support to Abu Bakr
Ali begins writing Tafseer of the Quran called Mus’haf Fatima in Fatima’s honor
Continues tutoring his children
Continues to tutor Ibn Abbas after work
Continues to buy then free a slave every week

6. Ali during Abu Bakr’s reign
Al-Hasan and Al-Husain learn to write
Ibn Abbas heads toward being scholarly
Ali the Marji' (the Reference)
Ali frees an average of one slave per week (about 100 during Abu Bakr’s Khilaafah)
Condition of the Ummah seems to stabilize

7. Omar appointed as Khalifa
Abu Bakr appoints Omar to Khilaafah
Ali gives support to Omar
Ali active in Omar's Council
Ali teaches and educates
Ali now married again
Ali's family expands, he teaches at home

8. Ali’s during Omar’s reign
Ali finishes off writing Tafseer of the Quran
Ali writes the wealth of Hadith
Ali starts writing the Ah'kaam
Al-Hasan helps his father in the writing
Omar marries Ali’s daughter: Umm Kalthoom
Ali continues to buy then free one slave per week (520) during Omar's Reign

9. Corpus of Knowledge consists of the following:
Ali’s writings
Ali’s writings during Abu Bakr and Omar’s Khilaafah:
Corpus of Knowledge consists of the following:
Quran in chorological order
Tafseer (Mus’haf Fatima)
Hadith (Saheefa of Ali)
Ah’kaam

10. Ali during Uthman’s Reign
Ali advises Uthman at first
Ali detects a mellow ruler in Uthman
Al-Hasan and Al-Husain are married
Al-Hasan and Al-Husain in North Africa's campaign against the Byzantine. They reach Carthage in Libya to-days.
Carthage battle decisive, Muslims victorious

11. Ali and Umm Al-Baneen Ali Marries Umm Al-Baneen
Ali has 5 boys through Umm Al-Baneen:
Al-Abbas, 13 Years younger than Al-Husain
One (nicknamed) Abu Bakr
One (nicknamed) Omar
One (nicknamed) Uthman
Ali

12. Uthman in mid-term I Uthman listens to his relative Marwan,
Ali’s advice is ignored frequently
Uthman appoints corrupt relatives as State Governors
Uthman mistreats Ibn Masood and Abu Dhar

13. Uthman in mid-term II People object to Uthman’s rule and revolt
Ali tries to help Uthman
Uthman surrounded by the rebels, is defended by Al-Hasan and Al-Husain among others
Al-Hasan gets wounded defending Uthman
Uthman is killed by the rebellious men
Ali is upset to the extreme

14. Ali during Uthman’s reign I
Ali finishes writing Al-Ah'kaam
Ali writes the Jafr:
White Jafr
Red Jafr
Ali compares the Quranic text he wrote with the one written during Khilaafah of Uthman. Surahs were the exact replica

15. Ali’s writings Ali’s writings during: Abu Bakr, Omar, and
Uthman’s Khilaafah:
Corpus of Knowledge consists of the following:
Quran in chorological order
Tafseer (Mus’haf Fatima)
Hadith (Saheefa of Ali)
Ah’kaam
Al-Jafr
White Jafr: Prophets and early times
Red Jafr: Rules of war in Islam

16. Ali during Uthman’s reign II
Worrisome conditions of the Ummah
Ali trying to diffuse discord
Continues to be the Marji’
Tutors the new children born to him
Ali continues to buy then free one slave per week. He freed 600 during Khilaafah of Uthman.

17. Imam Ali (a.s.) the Khalifa
Ali's administration: Exceptionally fair
Wants to distribute the wealth fairly but many wealthy people object
A'isha, Talha, and Zubair agitate
A'isha, Talha, and Zubair revolt, claiming to avenge Uthman’s blood
Benu Umayya join the rebels full force
Mu’awiya rebels in a sneaky way

18. Confrontation at Basra
Ali’s Forces
12,000
Includes numerous Sahaaba (said 300)
Al-Hasan and Al-Husain
Muhammad son of Abu Bakr
Ali’s forces Prevail
The other side:
Includes Talha, Zubair, and A’isha
Local people of Basrah
Most of Benu Umayya clan
The fired governor of Yemen who stole the treasury of Yemen

19. Jamal Battle Protracted negotiations Persuades Zubair not to fight
Zubair quits
The battle: Goes fast and about to end
A’isha: On top of a camel urges to go on fighting
People rally around the camel
Incapacitating the camel ends the fight

20. Jamal Sequence

21. Jamal Battle II Ali lets A’isha be at home in Basrah to rest
40 Guards in company of A’isha on her way to Medina
Brother of A’isha in charge of the escorting guards (Muhammad son of Abu Bakr)
Al-Hasan and Al-Husain escort A’isha to the boundary of Basrah
The 40 guards turn out to be women dressed as men

22. Jamal Battle III Benu Umayya, forming large part of the forces
Set free after the Battle
Talha: was Killed by Marwan ibn Hakam
Zubair: Did not participate
The casualties: Fairly high
The aftermath: Benu Umayya now join Mu’awiya to fight Ali in Siffin

23. Kufa the Capital Kufa the New Capital because:
Kufa is central in the Islamic Ummah
Center of the bread basket of the area (Iraq)
Closer to areas of revolts
Possibility of better support to Ali
Proved less disciplined and less reliable

24. Mu’awiya and Siffin Mu’awiya claiming revenge for Uthman’s blood
Mu’awiya’s forces move north to Siffin
Mu’awiya cuts off water supply to Ali
Ali’s forces reach Siffin, overpower guards preventing water
Ali’s side generously allows water to Mu’awiya forces

25. Siffin
Ali, trying to prevent bloodshed, sends negotiating delegates to Mu’awiya
Negotiations continue for one month
Negotiations fail
Battle of Siffin starts

26. Siffin II Siffin Battle: Ammar Unique Role. Duration: 9 Days
Severity: Severe in many days
Casualties: Thousands dead and wounded
Ammar Unique Role.

27. Siffin Sequence

28. Importance of Ammar يا عمار سوف تقتلك الفئة الباغيه
Ammar was in Ali’s camp
The Prophet (pbuh) told Ammar 30 Yrs earlier:
يا عمار سوف تقتلك الفئة الباغيه
”O’ Ammar, you will be killed by the malicious group.”
Ammar along with 400 companions fought Mu’awiya bravely until Ammar was killed.
A lot of Commotion was the result in Mu’awiya’s camp.

29. Near the end of battle
As Ali’s forces reach near Mu’awiya’s Headquarters in victory:
Mu’awiya knows how religious Ali’s side is
Mu’awiya gives commands to lift 500 Qurans on tips of Spears (thus desecrating them)
Mu’awiya asks for arbitration
Commotion is the result in Ali’s Camp
Ali is forced for Arbitration by his troops

30. Tricking Ali’s forces
Ibn Ash’ath and other undercover agents in Ali’s camp cajoled and bribed by Mu’awiya, they work for him
Ibn Ash’ath and Khariji insist on their demands to arbitrate
Ali is forced toward Arbitration
Ali chooses the brilliant Ibn Abbas to represent him

31. Arbitration
Ali wanted Ibn Abbas, but Khariji insisted instead on Al-Ashari to represent Ali
Al-Ashari was not so bright
Ali had to consent
Mu’awiya chose Ibn Aas to represent him
Ibn Aas is very cunning
Both sides met a year later in a far away place to negotiate

32. Arbitration II The cunning Ibn Aas tricks Al-Ashari
Ibn Aas let Al-Ashari proclaim both Mu’awiya and Ali are to leave office then let people choose a Khalifa
Ibn Aas followed by saying: Ali should leave office but Mu’awiya is to stay in Power
Commotion was the result because of the lies and deception of Ibn Aas
They return disappointed and disillusioned

33. Khariji Khariji revolt against Ali
Ali argues with Khariji, many decide not to fight against Ali
3000 Khariji insist of fighting Ali in Nahrawan, in Iraq
Ali Defeats Khariji in Nahrawan
Looks for the crippled man the Prophet foretold: They find him after 3 day search

34. Nahjul Balaaghah
Nahjul Balaaghah is a collection of 54 Sermons, 212 sayings, and 48 letters by Ali
Collected by Al-Shareef al-Radhee
Full of Gems of Wisdom, it deals with numerous subjects:
Theology
History
Human Relationship
Taught all over in universities over the past centuries

35. Prediction of the Prophet About Ali’s end
30 years earlier, the Prophet said to Ali:
The most evil of evildoers is the one who will wet this (beard) with the blood From this (forehead)
إنَّ أشقى الأشـقـيين مَن يُخضِّبُ هذه بهذه  
وأشار إلى لحيته ثم رأسه

36. Ibn Muljim, the Khariji Ibn Muljim, one of the deviators (Khariji),
Along with 2 others planned to kill
Ali
Mu’awiya
Ibn Aas
These Khariji were involved in Nahrawan
They planned to avenge
Mu’awiya and Ibn Aas escaped being killed

37. Ali assassinated
Ibn Muljim with a poisoned sword, was in hiding to kill Ali
Ali in Kufa Masjid had come to lead morning prayer, it was dark with poor visibility
It was the 19th of Ramadhan, Yr 40 Hijri
While Ali was in Sujood absorbed in prayer
Ibn Muljim jumped and hit Ali at the head

38. I have won by the Lord of the Ka’ba
Ali’s assassination I
Upon being so wounded Ali said:
فزت ورب الكعبه
I have won by the Lord of the Ka’ba
A lot of commotion ensued
Taken home Ali gave final advice to his son Al-Hasan, and other children
Two days later he died on Leilatul Qadr 21st of Ramadhan

39. Ali’s assassination II
Ali’s last words were:
فَمَن يَعْمَلْ مِثْقَالَ ذَرَّةٍ خَيْرًا يَرَهُ
وَمَن يَعْمَلْ مِثْقَالَ ذَرَّةٍ شَرًّا يَرَهُ
He with the slightest act of goodness will so be rewarded
And he with the slightest act of evil deeds will so be rewarded

40. Site of Ali’s Assassination

41. Ali is buried Ali was taken to Najaf for burial, many miles from Kufa
Burial place remained secret, known to family and few others
Years later Imam Al-Saadiq declared the whereabouts of the burial site
A tomb was established then a town arose around it
It became the center of visitation and learning

42. Ali’s Shrine

43. Ali’s tomb nowadays

44. Ali the person
Imam Ali's self was molded completely by the Islamic ideals
Ali's personality was overpowering, he was an overachiever
Ali's brilliance and farsightedness were striking
Ali set to teach, inform, and help others learn about Islam
Ali was an idealist, and nothing could influence him to deviate from these ideals

45. Ali the person II
Ali's ideals had to be in a head-on clash with the opportunist, demagogues, and power-hungry,
Ali stood in the face of deceit, duplicity, trickery, hypocrisy, greed, and treachery, of corrupt Benu Umayya
Ali was a compulsive perfectionist when it came to Islam
Ali stood for justice and freedom of choice, and the Holy Book and Sunnah

46. Ali assassinated III
Ali lived to be 63 year old, just as the Prophet (pbuh)
He designated Al-Hasan as the 2nd Imam
He gave advice to Al-Hasan as written in Nahjul Balaaghah
After Al-Hasan’s agreement with Mu’awiya, the family returned to Medina to resume teaching Islam

47. Ali’s Shrine in Najaf
Imam Ali’s Shrine: Multitudes of visitors every year.
Inside it reflects reverence that uniquely affects the heart.

48. Khilaafah A birds-eye view
Khilaafah means the phenomenon of succession to Prophet Muhammad (pbuh)
This phenomenon is viewed in certain ways as explained in the next two slides:

49. Khilaafah: A birds-eye view #1
VIEW POINT I 
The phenomenon, the circumstance, the mode of choice and selection of the Khalifas are to be taken as they are
This view is taken by the Sunni

50. Khilaafah: A birds-eye view #2
VIEW POINT II
The phenomenon would have been remarkably different had the wishes of Prophet Muhammad been observed.
This view is taken by the Shi’a 

51. Thank you and May God Bless you.
BE IN ALLAH’S CARE
Thank you and May God Bless you.
Dr. A.S. Hashim