1. Virtual model of the historical city of Machupicchu and
Impact the INCA Trail
Case Study of Machupicchu - Perú
Edit by:
IVAN ICOCHEA
BAHAAEDDINE ALHADDAD
JOSEP ROCA CLADERA
CPSV - The Center of Land Policy and Valuations
26 October 2006

2. MachuPicchu...
Constructed in the late 1400s by the Incan ruler, Pachacuti.
The city of Machupicchu was built high in the Andes Mountains outside the modern day city of Cuzco.
Machupicchu existed as a place of worship and as a royal retreat for Pachacuti and his guests.
Abandoned only decades after its construction, Machupicchu was lost to the undergrowth of the jungle only to be rediscovered in 1911.

3. Project objective ...
Safeguarding the Historical city by supporting the Master Plan of 2005, that was produced through cooperation between the Centre of the World Patrimony of UNESCO and the National Institute of Natural Resources – INRENA.
Develop methodologies to create Special 3D model of heritage sites using Laser Scan and high-resolution optical satellite images by combining the following points:
Topographic area for correct modelling by Remote sensing data sources such as DEM (digital elevation model).
Building 3D model using Laser Scan technology.
Exploring the old INCA way to understand the past city applying special image processing.

4. BAM - IRAN ...
Evaluating earthquake damage through satellite imagery …
© IKONOS, RGB, 1m Resolution– Iran, Bam historical city. 2003
© IKONOS, RGB, 1m Resolution– Iran, Bam historical city. 2004

5. Old INCA way extraction
THE IDEA ... !?
Our concept of work for 3D model heritage sites …!!
Work with New Technologies …
Image Processing
DEM
For Topography
3D Laser Scan
Noting ideal
scan positions
Night Scanning
ASCII
Shadow analysis for
Old INCA way extraction
Vector/Raster
format
Ortho-photo
For textures
Merge data
Laser Scan
Applications
Overlay data source
Final result

6. © The Center for Advanced Spatial Technologies (CAST) - USA
Laser Scanner …
Improving scanning details by high resolution laser scanner …
Noting ideal scan positions
Sweeping the all city objectives in horizontal and vertical angles with 360º rotation.
400m will be the maximum position distance from each target.
Night scan:
No way to close the place during the day, to be free of visitors during the scanning process.
Night scan will illustrate the city structure in general with 3 – 10 cm resolution.
© The Center for Advanced Spatial Technologies (CAST) - USA
Camera
Scanner
Support
Battery
Laptop
Day scan:
Chosen areas will be closed to enable short distance high resolution scanning process (0.5 – 1 cm) and full 360º rotation.
Day light scan will help to obtain the texture data and join it with the rest of scanning data.
New Technologies tools:
New Laser Scanner will be used to apply this kind of work.
The interesting part of this tool lies in the fact that the camera and the scanner have similar target view so we could obtain direct texture over the cloud point.
- The Laser scanner that will be used has a high resolution scale 0.5 – 1 cm, so high detail will appear in the final 3D model.

7. Impact the INCA Empire way …
Satellite images acquired for pilot project
The historical Inca Empire city.
© Google earth, 2006.

8. Impact the INCA Empire way …
Satellite images acquired for pilot project
Yellow circle presents the current way to the Inca city.
Red circle presents our objective of observing the old missing way of the Inca city, the tree cutting way shows a good shadow cost line that could be a reference in this research.
© Google earth, 2006.

9. Extracting Shadow line …
WORKING WITH FFT FILTERS
Example of FFT power spectrum step in focused area:
a) Forward FFT power spectrum.
b) Inverse FFT final result with clear bright shadow area.
(A)
(B)
In case there is not enough information to observe the old way of the Inca, extracting shadow line will be the main target at our methodology.
© Google earth, 2006.

10. Extracting Shadow line …
WORKING WITH LEVEL SLICING
With this specific analysis, the gradient from dark blue to red colour presents the areas that have a lot of reflectance of sands and less roughness. In the above photo one can see the dark red present the current new Inca way to the historical city with old way.

11. + 3D Color-drape process … Merge extraction data … 3D Colour-drape
FFT Result
Level Slicing
Result
3D Colour-drape

12. Topographic extraction …Work with DEM
CONVERTER PROCESSING …
CLOUD POINTS *….
DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL ….
&
FOR LASER SCAN APPLICATIONS ….
ASCII Output

13. Overlay Final Results …
Overlay High details 3D Laser Scan
Overlay Missing data
- Old Inca way -
Overlay Topographic
Land area

14. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
QUESTIONS?
CPSV - The Center of Land Policy and Valuations