1. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
Image Critique
نقد صورة الاشعّه
Lecture No.2

2. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
1. Film Construction:
X-ray film is constructed of four layers basically which are:
Base.
Adhesive layer.
Emulsion.
Overcoat (protective) layer.
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

3. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
1. Film Construction:
X-ray film is constructed of four layers basically which are:
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

4. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
1. Film Construction:
X-ray film is constructed of four layers basically which are:
Base:
150 to 300 m thick.
Semi-rigid.
Lucent.
Made of polyester.
Blue in color result in less eye strain and fatigue.
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

5. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
1. Film Construction:
X-ray film is constructed of four layers basically which are:
Emulsion:
This is the active layer.
Homogeneous mixture of gelatin and silver halide crystals.
The gelatin acts as a suspension agent and prevents the crystals from adhering to one another.
Two emulsion layers on each side of the film base (1/2000 in thickness).
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

6. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
1. Film Construction:
X-ray film is constructed of four layers basically which are:
Adhesive layer:
Very thin layer of solution of cellulose ester and gelatin in water and acetone, put on the base.
Function of adhesive (substratum) layer to adhere the layers of emulsion to the base.
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

7. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
1. Film Construction:
X-ray film is constructed of four layers basically which are:
Overcoat (protective) layer:
The purpose of the overcoat of an x-ray film is to protect the emulsion layer.
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

8. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
2. Film Types (Clinical Usage):
A. Direct Exposure Film:
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

9. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
2. Film Types (Clinical Usage):
A. Direct Exposure Film:
Used without intensifying screens.
Used mainly for extremities, previously for mammography.
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

10. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
2. Film Types (Clinical Usage):
A. Direct Exposure Film:
Requires 10 – 100 times more the exposure dose.
The emulsion is thicker than screen film.
Renders excellent detail.
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

11. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
2. Film Types (Clinical Usage):
B. Mammographic Film:
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

12. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
2. Film Types (Clinical Usage):
B. Mammographic Film:
Single emulsion.
Fine grain (crystal shape).
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

13. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
2. Film Types (Clinical Usage):
C. Video Film:
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

14. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
2. Film Types (Clinical Usage):
C. Video Film:
Exposes images displayed on a video monitor.
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

15. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
2. Film Type (Clinical Usage):
D. Laser Film:
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

16. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
2. Film Type (Clinical Usage):
D. Laser Film:
Uses a laser printer.
Provides excellent image quality.
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

17. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
2. Film Type (Clinical Usage):
D. Laser Film:
Sensitive to red light.
Must be processed in complete darkness.
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

18. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
2. Film Type (Clinical Usage):
E. Duplication film:
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

19. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
2. Film Type (Clinical Usage):
E. Duplication film:
Single emulsion film.
Used for producing copies of radiographs.
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

20. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
2. Film Type (Clinical Usage):
F. Subtraction Film:
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

21. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
2. Film Type (Clinical Usage):
F. Subtraction Film:
A type of single emulsion film used with angiography.
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

22. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
2. Film Type (Clinical Usage):
F. Subtraction Film:
One type prepares a positive copy of the image.
The other type enhances subject contrast and detail.
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

23. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
2. Film Type (Clinical Usage):
G. Cine Film:
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

24. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
2. Film Type (Clinical Usage):
G. Cine Film:
Used with cardiac catheterization.
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

25. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
2. Film Type (Clinical Usage):
G. Cine Film:
Produced in 16 and 35mm sizes.
Also used for radiography of the esophagus.
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

26. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
2. Film Type (Clinical Usage):
H. Spot Film:
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

27. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
2. Film Type (Clinical Usage):
H. Spot Film
Produced in 70 and 105mm sizes.
Used in fluoroscopy with a spot film camera.
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

28. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
2. Film Type (Clinical Usage):
I. Dental Film
Periapical Dental Film
Bite-wing Dental Film
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

29. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
2. Film Type (Clinical Usage):
I. Dental Film
Occlusal Dental Film
Orthopantomographic (OPG) Dental Film
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

30. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
2. Film Type (Clinical Usage):
I. Dental Film
Exposed either intraorally or extraorally.
Intraoral films are small, double-emulsion films.
Extraoral films are large, single-emulsion films.
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

31. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
3. Film Type (Exposure):
A. Screen Film:
Films exposed to combination of X-ray and light (screen film).
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

32. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
3. Film Type (Exposure):
B. Non Screen Film:
Films exposed to x-ray only (non screen film).
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

33. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
3. Film Type (Exposure):
C. Fluoroscopy and Copying Films:
These Films are exposed to light only.
Coated by the emulsion in one side and called single sided films.
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

34. To be continued ..

35. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
4. Film Type (Spectral Sensitivity):
Spectral sensitivity is the response of a photographic emulsion in the film to various colours of the light spectrum.
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

36. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
4. Film Type (Spectral Sensitivity):
According to the response of a photographic emulsion in the film to various colours of the light spectrum, films can be divided to:
Blue sensitive film (non colour sensitive).
Orthochromatic film (sensitive to yellow colour).
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

37. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
4. Film Type (Spectral Sensitivity):
According to the response of a photographic emulsion in the film to various colours of the light spectrum, films can be divided to:
Panchromatic film (sensitive to visible light).
Infrared film (sensitive up to infrared).
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

38. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
5. Film Handling and Storage:
Each of the following can have a negative effect upon film contrast.
Improper handling.
Causes artifacts.
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

39. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
5. Film Handling and Storage:
Each of the following can have a negative effect upon film contrast.
Heat and humidity.
Too much humidity can cause the emulsion to swell.
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

40. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
5. Film Handling and Storage:
Each of the following can have a negative effect upon film contrast.
Heat and humidity.
Too little humidity can cause static to develop the film.
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

41. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
5. Film Handling and Storage:
Each of the following can have a negative effect upon film contrast.
Heat and humidity.
Too much heat can fog film.
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

42. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud
X-ray Film
5. Film Handling and Storage:
Each of the following can have a negative effect upon film contrast.
Light and radiation.
Exposure to each can fog film decreasing contrast.
Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud