1. Scholarly Communications A System in Crisis Lee C. Van Orsdel, Dean of University Libraries, Grand Valley State University

2. Eventually, Steve looked up. His mother was nowhere in sight and this was certainly no longer the toy department. Gary Larson Eventually, Steve looked up. His mother was nowhere in sight and this was certainly no longer the toy department. Gary Larson

3. The Scholarly Communications System evolved over centuries to evaluate/certify The Scholarly Communications System evolved over centuries to evaluate/certify register disseminate create access tools archive register disseminate create access tools archive the intellectual outputs of scholars

4. evaluate/certify register archive scholars secondary publishers libraries create access tools disseminate scholarly societies & commercial publishers

5. evaluate/certify register archive create access tools disseminate scholars scholarly societies publishers libraries scholars scholarly societies publishers libraries

6. Net Paradox # 1 1.2 million articles given to publishers each year for free Institutions supplying the articles cannot afford to buy them back

7. Net Paradox # 2 Web removed barriers (by providing global, accessible, reliable, affordable network) More barriers appeared (copyright extensions, license restrictions, loss of fair use doctrine for online content, prohibitive costs)

8. Net Paradox # 3 Cost of added distribution on internet near zero Little or no drop in cost of online only

9. State of scholarly communications: Knowledge output is increasing Access is decreasing Market is unsustainable economically library budgets are tapped out publisher sales are flattening sales growth coming from mergers Disruption is clearest in scientific disciplines Disruption has spread to journals in all disciplines and to monographs Knowledge output is increasing Access is decreasing Market is unsustainable economically library budgets are tapped out publisher sales are flattening sales growth coming from mergers Disruption is clearest in scientific disciplines Disruption has spread to journals in all disciplines and to monographs Status quo not possible Economic shifts unavoidable Internet yet to be exploited

10. Change the Market Change the Academy Change Public Policy

11. peer-reviewed articles per year 24,000 peer-reviewed journals 750K to 1.2M The Market

12. earned by top 6: $ 16.1 Billion revenues in 2006 $ 5.8 Billion (36%) Elsevier, Kluwer Health, Springer, American Chemical Society, John Wiley, and Blackwell (merged with Wiley in 2007)

13. SteelmakersAuto manufacturersConsumers Steel $ $ Cars $ $ AuthorsReaders JournalsArticles Publishers $ $ $ $ A peculiar market

14. dollars citations 9% 91% 62% 38% A peculiar market

15. Peculiar Market: Exhibit A

16. CPI up 57% Average serial price up 227% Average book price up 65%

17. Change the Market Challenge pricing power of publishers Competition (SPARC) Cancellations Consortia purchases Regulation Competition (SPARC) Cancellations Consortia purchases Regulation Raise prices Bundle journals Multi-yr contracts Buy up other publishers Raise prices Bundle journals Multi-yr contracts Buy up other publishers

18. The open movement Open source Open data Open science Open education Open source Open data Open science Open education Open Access

19. Online Permanent Free to all readers Free of most use restrictions with proper attribution Online Permanent Free to all readers Free of most use restrictions with proper attribution

20. Open Access journals OA archiving OA publishing

21. AuthorsFree to Readers JournalsArticles Publishers Grant/Research Foundation funding Subsidy: Author/Institution pays Subscription to non-research content Advertising Open Access business models

22. Change the Market Prove that OA business models are financially viable Experiment with hybrid OA business models

23. Full OA journals

24. are peer-reviewed Open Access journals Full OA by the Numbers 24,000 peer-reviewed journals 3,309

25. Hybrid OA journals

26. Hybrid OA by the Numbers Every major publisher offers a hybrid OA option to its authors 19 scholarly societies publish 74 hybrid OA journals

27. New Models of Publishing

28. Elseviers OA experiment

29. Change the Market Change the Academy Change Public Policy

30. Change the Academy

31. From Alma Swan The Culture of Open Access: researchers views and responses Financial reward Communicate results to peers Advance career Personal prestige Gain funding Why scholars publish

32. (Data: Brody & Harnad 2004; Hajjem et al. 2005) Open Access increases citations % increase in citations with Open Access

33. Open Access journals OA archiving OA publishing

34. Self-archiving 62% of publishers allow it

35. Self-archiving by the Numbers 1,000+ Institutional Repositories worldwide 12+ million records indexed by Google Scholar

36. Self-archiving mandates

37. Harvard Faculty Mandate February 2008

38. Harvard A&S faculty require each other to reserve some copyrights expect to deposit manuscript in Harvards institutional repository upon publication of article intend to publish to the worldfor free require each other to reserve some copyrights expect to deposit manuscript in Harvards institutional repository upon publication of article intend to publish to the worldfor free

39. people.seas.harvard.edu/~nansun/

40. Copyrights We give publishers more rights than they need Then we cant use and re-purpose our own works without permission And we may not be allowed to use in classrooms, or post in institutional/disciplinary repository, or re-use portions in other works And we may not be allowed to use in classrooms, or post in institutional/disciplinary repository, or re-use portions in other works

41. Author Addendum: a way to compromise www.arl.org/sparc/author/addendum.shtml

43. Scholarly Societies & Their Publications Disseminate? Create income?

44. Change the Academy The Dilemma of the American Anthropological Society

45. The Society Advantage Costs non-profit publisher to publish an article $ 3,400 $ 730 Costs commercial publisher to publish an article Roger Clarke, The Cost profiles of alternative approaches to journal publishing, First Monday, 3 December 2007

46. Scholarly Societies 427* 496 Scholarly Societies publish peer-reviewed full Open Access journals * 83% charge NO author fees at all

47. Tighten embargos Sow disinformation Manage copyrights Self-archive Support new publishing models Hold scholarly societies accountable Reform faculty rewards system Shun price-gouging publishers Manage copyrights Self-archive Support new publishing models Hold scholarly societies accountable Reform faculty rewards system Shun price-gouging publishers Hold fast to IP rights & to authors/editors Change the Academy Court society journals Court society journals

48. Change the Market Change the Academy Change Public Policy

49. The Principle: Open Access to publicly-funded research The Principle: Open Access to publicly-funded research A worldwide movement Supported by patient advocacy groups, libraries, research funding agencies, legislators, universities

50. Movements poster child: the NIH $ 28 Billion research grants each year peer-reviewed articles each year 80,000

51. NIH Mandate Article from NIH funding? Accepted by peer-reviewed journal? Manuscript must be deposited immediately upon publication in PubMed Central Manuscript to become OA within 12 months Article from NIH funding? Accepted by peer-reviewed journal? Manuscript must be deposited immediately upon publication in PubMed Central Manuscript to become OA within 12 months

52. NIH Mandate We, the taxpayers, just gained free access to about 80,000 health-related journal articles a year, and no more than 12 months after publication

53. Change Public Policy Lobby vs. OA for publicly- funded research Granting agencies funding OA, some with direct payments to publishers NIH Research Councils UK FRPAA EU Research Council OA Mandates:

54. Change Public Policy Resistance to Change What Were They Thinking? The PRISM Debacle What Were They Thinking? The PRISM Debacle

55. Change the market Change the academy Change public policy

56. Scholarly Communications A System in Flux Peer review as confidential, linear, and fixed process Peer review as community, circular and ongoing process

57. Scholarly Communications A System in Crisis Stockholder-driven economics Stakeholder-driven economics

58. Scholarly Communications A System in Crisis Pay to view Pay to publish

59. Scholarly Communications A System in Flux Library (University) subsidizing publisher profits Library (University) subsidizing costs of publishing

60. Scholarly Communications A System in Flux Journals online mimic print journals Journals online exploiting web 2.0 applications

61. Scholarly Communications A System in Flux Changes in system driven by economic necessity Changes in system driven by change in scholarly practice & public expectations

62. Roles for Librarians: Encourage faculty activism Facilitate faculty compliance with self-archiving mandates Create institutional repository Support OA publishing models Consider publishing OA journal with interested faculty Encourage faculty activism Facilitate faculty compliance with self-archiving mandates Create institutional repository Support OA publishing models Consider publishing OA journal with interested faculty

63. Roles for Faculty : Manage copyrights Self-archive Resist gouging publishers Explore new publication models/partnerships Hold scholarly societies accountable to mission Support OA policies for publicly-funded research Manage copyrights Self-archive Resist gouging publishers Explore new publication models/partnerships Hold scholarly societies accountable to mission Support OA policies for publicly-funded research

64. Lee C. Van Orsdel, Dean of University Libraries, Grand Valley State University Questions? Comments? Scholarly Communications A System in Crisis

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