1. DNA IT HAS MANY USES

2. WHAT MAKES DNA SO SPECIAL?
Four chemicals- *AGCT*
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine
These chemicals strung together= DNA code
Some sections of DNA vary from individual to individual.
Scientists can link a strand of DNA to a given individual.
For Criminal Investigations- MORE ON THIS LATER!!
Specimens-blood, hair, bloodstained clothing, fluids.
Provides powerfully compelling evidence

3. DNA Typing DNA=Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DNA is the GENETIC MATERIAL FOUND WITHIN THE CELL NUCLEI OF ALL LIVING THINGS
Nucleus has 23 PAIRS of chromosones made up of DNA. Within each pair, one chromosome is from 1 sperm and 1 from egg (OVA). The complete DNA of each individual is unique

4. Generally DNA is 99.9% reliable
Everyone except identical twins would have different DNA. (Why?)
There is also a RARE Genetic disorder that causes a person to have two different sets of DNA. It is called Chimaerism.

5. Blood
At one time, blood at a crime scene was significant to investigators for its presence alone — bloodstains and spatters often tell their own story of events. But today scientists can perform further tests, including blood typing and DNA analysis, that can help identify the victim or offender. Pictured here is a color-enhanced image of blood cells and platelets, magnified over 5,200 times by a scanning electron microscope.
DNA evidence

6. Saliva
Investigators can extract DNA from saliva left behind on items — such as cigarettes, envelopes or drinking straws — at the crime scene to help identify their killer or victim. One suspect was connected to the World Trade Center bombing, for example, after authorities matched his DNA with that from saliva on an envelope delivered by one of the conspirators. This saliva has been magnified 40 times.
DNA evidence

7. Sperm
In cases of rape and other sexual crimes, the seminal fluid left by the attacker can provide important evidence. Since sperm remains alive for only a short period of time, its condition can indicate the time of the attack; such samples can also provide information on blood type and now identity, through DNA. Pictured here is a color-enhanced image of sperm, magnified over 3,000 times by a scanning electron microscope.
DNA evidence

8. Fingernail
While their utility is still under debate, fingernails, like fingerprints, are thought to be unique and thus useful in linking suspects to crime scenes. This is because the underside of fingernails and toenails have grooves, called striations, that form a pattern unique to each finger or toe; nails from one individual match up to their owner much like bullets fired from the same gun. Fingernail evidence has been used in several U.S. cases since the mid-1970s. Pictured here is a section of fingernail magnified over 300 times by a scanning electron microscope.
DNA evidence

9. Hair root
Forensic scientists can analyze the DNA found in the cells of a single hair root to identify their killer or victim. Investigators often find hairs with roots attached at crime scenes, indicating a struggle took place. Pictured here is a color-enhanced image of a hair root, magnified over 90 times by a scanning electron microscope.
DNA evidence

10. Human skin
DNA can sometimes be obtained from skin cells that an attacker unwittingly leaves beneath the fingernails of a victim during a fight. In one case, police found a victim with hair clutched in her hand and skin under her nails; investigators were able to use this evidence to link her husband to the crime. Pictured here is a color-enhanced image of a healthy skin surface, magnified nearly 1,000 times by a scanning electron microscope.
DNA evidence

11. Hair: which is animal?
DNA evidence

12. Household dust
The random assortment of trace materials — such as the hair, fibers, insect scales, pollen and plant remains shown here — makes each building's dust unique. This color-enhanced image was magnified over 115 times by a scanning electron microscope.
DNA evidence

13. Shirt fibers
Just take a look at the lint collected in your dryer; our clothes are constantly shedding, leaving behind a telltale trail wherever we go. Here, a shirt's natural cotton fibers appear green; its man-made polyester fibers appear yellow. This image was magnified over 600 times by a scanning electron microscope.
DNA evidence

14. Dust mites
Dust mites join an assortment of fibers in this sample of dust. This color-enhanced image was magnified over 400 times by a scanning electron microscope.
DNA evidence

15. Pollen
Pollen — which can be breathed in, consumed or discovered on clothing — can have a lot to say to a forensic investigator. Tracing a pollen sample to its species of origin can indicate in what season a person died and what kinds of plants grew nearby, for example. This picture contains three types of pollen: daisy (prickly), cherry (oblong) and hornbeam (round). It was color-enhanced and magnified over 1,100 times by a scanning electron microscope.
DNA evidence

16. ODONTOLOGY
Teeth are often the only remains of identifying a person after a fire- they are made of enamel!
Teeth are often the only way to identify a person.
Teeth are used to determine age
Teeth grow at rate of 4 micrometers per day- possible to estimate the age of young people within 20 days.
For positive identification need
previous dental records

17. GENETIC VOCAB LIST-HANDOUT
GENES
GENETICS
DNA
CHROMOSOMES
ALLELE
GENOTYPE
PHENOTYPE
GENETIC ENGINEERING
GENETIC MAPS
GENOMES
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
QUATITATIVE INHERITANCE
MULTIPLE ALLELES
MITOSIS
MEOSIS
RECOMBINATION
SEX-LINKED TRAITS
GENETIC CODE
NUCLEOTIDES
RNA
MUTATIONS
GENE REGULATION
RECOMBINANT DNA
PROTEOMICS
GENE THERAPY
GAMETES
EUGENICS
PHARMACOGENOMICS

18. It has been argued that the discovery of DNA as well as our understanding of its structure and functioning may well be the most important discovery of the last century.
The effect of the discovery of DNA on scientific and medical progress has been enormous, whether it involves the identification of our genes that trigger major diseases or the creation and manufacture of drugs to treat these devastating diseases. In fact, the identification of these genes and their subsequent analysis in terms of therapeutic treatment has ultimately influenced science and will continue to do so in the future.

19. Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
One important area of DNA research is that of genetics and medical research. Due to our discovery of DNA, our ability to actually diagnose diseases early on has been vastly improved. In addition, we have been able to better assess a person's genetic susceptibility to specific diseases. In doing so, we have also paved the pathway to formulate brand new drugs to treat these diseases. In fact, drugs can essentially be custom made to complement a person's personal biochemistry and genetic makeup. For those diseases that were previously considered lethal and where treatment was either non-existent or largely unsuccessful, the discovery of DNA has essentially led to breakthrough drugs and treatments for patients with serious illnesses

20. Paternity and Legal Impact
While the discovery of DNA has perhaps impacted medicine the most, its contribution to other areas is still similarly significant.
Paternity cases have an enormous impact on families and children around the world. Through the assessment of DNA, the paternity of a child can be identified, which has a significant effect on the child's upbringing and his or her life.

21. Forensics and DNA
DNA has been notably important to the field of forensic science. The discovery of DNA has meant that the guilt or innocence of a person who is investigated for a crime can be determined. It also means that scarce evidence can still yield vital clues regarding the perpetrator of a crime. Also important is that the identification of victims can occur, particularly in cases where the victim's condition is unrecognisable to family or friends. In this sense, DNA has been important in revolutionising the entire field of forensic science. This impact is felt within the criminal justice system and contributes to the accurate safeguarding of society.

22. Agriculture and DNA
The impact of DNA on agriculture has been a very important one because it has allowed breeders to facilitate the breeding of animals that have a better resistance to diseases. It also allows farmers to produce more nutritious produce, which has particularly important consequences in developing countries where the population subsists on a small range of staple foods that have little variety. This means that micronutrient deficiencies can be addressed in these countries

23. In the future, doctors and scientists hope to use our genetic information to diagnose, treat, prevent and cure many illnesses.
Genes are instructions, which tell your body how to make all the proteins it needs to survive and grow. By identifying each of these proteins, scientists hope to better understand how your body works, and what is happening when it doesn't work properly. They hope this knowledge will eventually lead to more effective medicines and treatments.