1. What is the composition of soil?

2. Essential Question: How is soil formed?
Standard:
S6E5h. Describe soil as consisting of weathered rocks and decomposed organic material.

3. Composition of Soil Air Water Soil Particles
Weathered rock and mineral particles such as clay, sand, and silt
Decomposed organic matter

4. Composition of Soil

5. Soil has many small spaces between individual soil particles that are filled with water or air.

7. Label your diagram

8. The rock and mineral fragments come from rocks that have been weathered.
Most of these fragments are small particles of sediment such as clay, silt, and sand.

10. Organic matter is the remains of once living organisms.
Organic matter can come from plant leaves, stems, roots, animals, and microorganisms.

11. Organic Matter in Soil

12. After organic matter gets into soil, fungi and bacteria cause it to decay (decompose). The decayed organic matter turns into humus, a source of nutrients for plants.

15. As worms, insects, and animals burrow through soil, they mix the humus with the fragments of rock.

16. Turn to an elbow partner and discuss why living organisms are important for good soil.
Good quality soil has equal amounts of humus and weathered rock. Living organisms help to mix humus around in soil.

17. Soil Layers (Horizons)
Organic Matter

18. Soil Layers (Horizons)
Top Soil (Horizon A)
The topsoil has more humus and fewer rock and mineral particles than the other layers.

19. The subsoil has less organic matter and is lighter in color because it has less humus. Therefore, it is less fertile.
Subsoil (Horizon B)

20. Parent Rock (Horizon C)
Horizon C consists of partially weathered rock that gave rise to the soil horizons above it (parent rock).
Parent Rock (Horizon C)

21. Soil Layers (Horizons)
Most Fertile
Least Fertile

22. Soil can take thousands of years to form and is different depending on where it is formed.