1. Figure 1 Body weight of control and BPA-treated mothers after delivery
Figure 1 Body weight of control and BPA-treated mothers after delivery. A, Evolution of body weight from days 30 to 195 postpartum. B, Body weight of control, BPA10, and BPA100 animals at 195 days postpartum (n = 28–31 mice/group). C, Perigonadal fat pad weight of control, BPA10, and BPA100 at 210 days postpartum (n = 18–20 mice/group). Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM, and statistical significance was determined using a one-way ANOVA, followed by a Holm-Sidak post hoc test. *, P < .05 vs control.
From: Bisphenol-A Treatment During Pregnancy in Mice: A New Window of Susceptibility for the Development of Diabetes in Mothers Later in Life
Endocrinology. 2015;156(5): doi: /en
Endocrinology | Copyright © 2015 by the Endocrine Society

2. Figure 2 Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity are impaired in BPA-treated mothers throughout the postpartum period. The ipGTT was performed in female mice treated during days 9–16 of gestation with vehicle (control), BPA at 10 μg/kg · d (BPA10), or 100 μg/kg · d (BPA100) at 3 (A), 4 (B), 5 (C), and 6 months after delivery (D) (n = 11–12 mice/group). Panels E–H show the mean ± SEM of the ipGTT AUC. The ipITT was performed in the same groups of mice at 3 (I), 4 (J), 5 (K), and 6 months after delivery (L) (n = 11–12 mice/group). Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM, and statistical significance was determined using a one-way ANOVA, followed by a Bonferroni or Dunńs post hoc test. #, Control vs BPA10 (P < .05); *, control vs BPA100 (P < .05); ##, P < .01; ###, P < .001; **, P < .01; ***, P < .001.
From: Bisphenol-A Treatment During Pregnancy in Mice: A New Window of Susceptibility for the Development of Diabetes in Mothers Later in Life
Endocrinology. 2015;156(5): doi: /en
Endocrinology | Copyright © 2015 by the Endocrine Society

3. Figure 3 Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in female nonpregnant mice treated with BPA. Female nonpregnant mice were treated with either vehicle or BPA (10 or 100 μg/kg · d) for 8 days. The ipGTT was performed at 3 (A), 4 (B), 5 (C), and 6 months after the treatment (D) (n = 6 mice/group). The AUC for the ipGTT is shown in panels E–H. The insulin tolerance test was performed in the same groups of animals at 3 (I), 4 (J), 5 (K), and 6 months after the treatment (L) (n = 6 mice/group). Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM.
From: Bisphenol-A Treatment During Pregnancy in Mice: A New Window of Susceptibility for the Development of Diabetes in Mothers Later in Life
Endocrinology. 2015;156(5): doi: /en
Endocrinology | Copyright © 2015 by the Endocrine Society

4. Figure 4 Pancreatic β-cell function declines in BPA-treated mothers throughout the postpartum period. A, Fed plasma insulin levels in BPA-treated animals or controls 7 months after delivery (n = 12 mice/group). B, Insulin secretion from islets exposed to 3, 8, or 16 mM glucose for 1 hour, normalized to the total protein content in BPA-treated animals and controls 7 months after delivery (n = 5–7 mice/group). C, Insulin content of islets from BPA-treated animals or controls 7 months after delivery (n = 5–7 mice/group). D, Insulin secretion from islets exposed to 3, 8, or 16 mM glucose (G) for 1 hour, normalized to the total insulin content in BPA-treated animals or controls 7 months after delivery (n = 5–7 mice/group). The data are expressed as the mean ± SEM, and statistical significance was determined using a one-way ANOVA, followed by the Bonferroni or Holm-Sidak post hoc test. *, P < .05, vs control; **, P < .01, vs control; ***, P < .001 vs control.
From: Bisphenol-A Treatment During Pregnancy in Mice: A New Window of Susceptibility for the Development of Diabetes in Mothers Later in Life
Endocrinology. 2015;156(5): doi: /en
Endocrinology | Copyright © 2015 by the Endocrine Society

5. Figure 5 Pancreatic β-cell mass is decreased in BPA-treated mothers 7 months after delivery. A, Quantification of the relative β-cell mass calculated as the percentage of the insulin-positive area over the total pancreas area. B, Analysis of pancreatic β-cell mass (milligrams per pancreas), calculated as the percentage of the insulin-positive area over the total pancreas area, multiplied by pancreas weight. C, Analysis of pancreatic β-cell mass relative to body weight (n = 5 mice/group). bw, body weight. D, Representative images of pancreas sections stained with antibodies against BrdU (green) and insulin (red) and counterstained with Hoechst (blue). Scale bar, 25 μm. White arrows indicate some positive BrdU cells. E, Percentage of BrdU-positive β-cells in BPA10, BPA100, and control mice 7 months after delivery (n = 5 mice/group). F, Analysis of apoptotic β-cells quantified in pancreas sections using a fluorescein in situ cell death detection assay (TUNEL) (n = 5 mice/group). Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM, and statistical significance was determined using a one-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post hoc test. *, P < .05, vs control; **, P < .01, vs control; ***, P < .001, vs control.
From: Bisphenol-A Treatment During Pregnancy in Mice: A New Window of Susceptibility for the Development of Diabetes in Mothers Later in Life
Endocrinology. 2015;156(5): doi: /en
Endocrinology | Copyright © 2015 by the Endocrine Society

6. Figure 6 BPA treatment during gestation leads to altered gene expression of important cell cycle regulators in pancreatic β-cells later in life. The abundance of mRNA for Ccnd2 (A), Cdk-4 (B), pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 (Pdx1) (C), p16 (D), p53 (E), and Ins (F) was determined via real-time RT-PCR analysis of total RNA (n = 6–10 mice/group). Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM, and statistical significance was determined using a one-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post hoc test. *, P < .05, vs control.
From: Bisphenol-A Treatment During Pregnancy in Mice: A New Window of Susceptibility for the Development of Diabetes in Mothers Later in Life
Endocrinology. 2015;156(5): doi: /en
Endocrinology | Copyright © 2015 by the Endocrine Society

7. Figure 7 BPA treatment during gestation leads to altered protein expression of important cell cycle regulators in pancreatic β-cells later in life. Western blot analysis of cyclin D-2 (A), CDK-4 (B), and pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 (PDX-1) (C) protein levels in isolated islets from BPA or control mice 7 months after labor. The data are representative of pooled islets from five to six mice per group. β-Tubulin is shown as a loading control. D, Representative images of pancreas sections stained with antibodies against insulin (red), cyclin D2 (green). Scale bar, 50 μm. Quantification of nuclei positive for cyclin D2 (E), p16 (F), or p53 (G) in the pancreatic β-cells of control, BPA10, or BPA100 mice 7 months after delivery (n = 5 mice/group). Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM, and statistical significance was determined using a Student’s t test or one-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post hoc test. *, P < .05, vs control; **, P < .01, vs control; ***, P < .001 vs control.
From: Bisphenol-A Treatment During Pregnancy in Mice: A New Window of Susceptibility for the Development of Diabetes in Mothers Later in Life
Endocrinology. 2015;156(5): doi: /en
Endocrinology | Copyright © 2015 by the Endocrine Society